From Opus
- Dicrurus hottentottus
[edit] Identification
25 - 32cm. A variable species. Features of the nominate subspecies are:
- Long hair-like feathers springing from forehead, extending over hindcrown and upper back (not in all subspecies)
- Black plumage, brightly glossed metallic blue-green
- Numerous breast spangles and broad and very large, long and glossy neck hackles
- Tail nearly square-ended, inner four pairs of rectrices ending almost at same level as outer pair
- Reddish-brown or dark brown eye
Sexes similar, females are duller. Juveniles are browner and less glossed.
[edit] Distribution
Found on the Indian Subcontinent, in the Himalayas, Burma, big parts of China, Indochina and on Borneo, Sulawesi and parts of the Philippines (see taxonomy).
Locally common. Some island subspecies are under threat due to deforestation.
[edit] Taxonomy
Eight to sixteen subspecies recognized[1],[2]:
- similar to nominate but smaller bill
- D. h. viridinitens on Mentawi Islands (off Sumatra)
- D. h. borneensis in N Borneo, Maratua and Matasiri islands
- blue in general colour, rather short frontal filaments, small and strong bill
- D. h. jentincki on Bali and Kangean Islands
- similar to faberi but with a longer tail and less deep black plumage
- D. h. leucops on Sulawesi, adjacent islands and n Moluccas
-
- D. h. guillemardi on central Moluccas (Bisa and Obi)
- well-developed long, broad and very well-glossed neck hackles, brown eye
- D. h. pectoralis on Sula Islands (Taliabu, Mangola and Sanana)
- similar to guillemardi but smaller, longer and broader hackles and a red eye
- D. h. banggaiensis on Banggai Island (not accepted by Clements)
- similar to guillemardi but smaller, frontal filaments only present in some birds, brown eye
- D. h. faberi on Panaitan Island and islands in Jakarta Bay (not accepted by Clements)
- Smaller than nominate, deeper black below and with a creamy white eye
The following subspecies were regarded as a part of the Spangled Drongo complex by some authorities[1] but are now commonly included in this species:
- D. h. samarensis on Samar, Biliran, Leyte, Calicoan, Panaon and Bohol (east-central Philippines)
- very short, straight and square-ended tail, no frontal filaments
- similar to borneensis but with red eye, no frontal filaments and four inner pairs of rectrices becoming gradually longer, tips of outermost with with slight tendency to curl upwards
- D. h. cuyensis on Semirara and Cuyo (west-central Philippines)
- similar to palawanensis but with strongly greenish gloss
- D. h. striatus on Basilan, Mindanao and Nipa (south Philippines)
- similar to samarensis but tail a little longer and slightly forked
- D. h. suluensis in the Sulu Archipelago (south-west Philippines)
- frontal filaments always present, more deeply forked tail than otherwise similar pectoralis
Further taxonomic research is needed to clear species boarders.
Has been considered conspecific with Spangled Drongo, Sumatran Drongo, Wallacean Drongo, Balicassiao, Sulawesi Drongo and Ribbon-tailed Drongo and may form a superspecies with all this forms. Tablas Drongo was regarded as a subspecies of this species.
[edit] Habitat
Found in different types of forest, preferring broadleaf evergreen and moist deciduous forest. Occurs from sea-level up to 1500m, occasionally up to 2000m.
[edit] Behaviour
They move singly or in small flocks and are very noisy.
Feeds on insects and nectar. Also reported to hawk for lizards.
Breeding season poorly documented, from April to June in northern India, April to July in southwest Asia. Very noisy and aggressive towards disturbance while breeding. The nest is a deep saucer made of grass, rootlets and tendrils of creepers. It's usually placed in a tree but also reported in bamboo in China. Lays 3 - 4 eggs.
Most populations are resident but birds in the northern part of the distribution (China) migrate south to Indochina.
[edit] References
- Clements, JF. 2009. The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World. 6th ed., with updates to December 2009. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0801445019.
- Del Hoyo, J, A Elliott, and D Christie, eds. 2009. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 14: Bush-shrikes to Old World Sparrows. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-8496553507
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