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| − | [[Image: | + | [[Image:Turdus migratorius by ducbucln.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Male<br>Photo: {{user|ducbucln|ducbucln}}<br>Kelseyville, [[California]], [[USA]], December 2013]] |
;[[: Category:Turdus|Turdus]] migratorius'' | ;[[: Category:Turdus|Turdus]] migratorius'' | ||
==Identification== | ==Identification== | ||
| − | + | Length 23–28 cm; weight 59-94 g<br /> | |
| − | *Gray | + | *Gray mantle. |
| − | *Brick-red breast in male, orange in female, with white | + | *Head black in summer male, dark gray in female and winter male; with white streaks on throat. |
| − | *White eye- | + | *Brick-red breast in male, orange in female, with belly white and undertail coverts white with blackish streaks. |
| − | ''' | + | *White eye-crescents, interrupted at front and back. |
| + | *Bill yellow in males, dusky yellow in females; usually with a dark tip. | ||
| + | *Legs reddish-brown.<br /> | ||
| + | '''Juvenile''': scaly dark brown spots on orangey breast; mantle with whitish spots or streaks. | ||
| + | ====Similar species==== | ||
| + | None in most of North America; in the mountains of Mexico [[Rufous-backed Thrush]] is similar, but readily distinguished by its back as well as breast being rufous-orange, and its lack of the white eye crescents. | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
[[Image:Robin Female.JPG|thumb|350px|right|Female<br />Photo by {{user|GarryKirsch|GarryKirsch}}<br />Quinte West, Ontario, April 2009 ]] | [[Image:Robin Female.JPG|thumb|350px|right|Female<br />Photo by {{user|GarryKirsch|GarryKirsch}}<br />Quinte West, Ontario, April 2009 ]] | ||
| − | + | Most of [[North America]].<br> | |
| − | + | '''Breeds''' over most of [[Canada]], the [[United States]], and [[Mexico]]; in the east as far as [[Labrador]] and [[Newfoundland]], in the south to northern [[Florida]], central [[Texas]] and southern [[California]], with disjunct populations in the mountains of [[Mexico]] south to [[Chiapas]]; in the north absent from only the Arctic tundra in northernmost Canada and [[Alaska]]. Northern birds are migratory leaving breeding areas in September-October and eastern birds winter from Newfoundland southwards, returning late March-mid May.<br> | |
| − | Northern birds are migratory leaving breeding areas in | + | '''Winters''' in southernmost Canada (southwest [[British Columbia]] and southernmost [[Ontario]]), throughout the United States except the nothern parts of the Great Plains states and northern New England, and throughout Mexico. The northern boundary of wintering is variable depending on the size of fruit crops, with birds remaining further north (even as far north as the Anchorage area of Alaska) in years with good berry crops.<br> |
| − | + | '''Vagrant''' in the Western Palearctic, recorded in [[Iceland]] (four records) and the [[British Isles]], [[France]] and [[Belgium]], [[Germany]], [[Denmark]], [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], [[Czechoslovakia]] and [[Austria]], also recently in [[Spain]]. Most frequently seen in [[Britain]] and [[Ireland]] (>30), mostly September-February with occasional records April-June. The records are scattered from [[Shetland]] to [[Scilly]] but there is a distinct bias towards the Northen Isles and the south-west. | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | Most frequently seen in [[Britain]] and [[Ireland]] (>30) mostly September-February with occasional records April-June. The records are scattered from [[Shetland]] to [[Scilly]] but there is a distinct bias towards the Northen Isles and the south-west. | ||
==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
====Subspecies==== | ====Subspecies==== | ||
| Line 21: | Line 23: | ||
[[Image:Juv_American_Robin.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Juvenile<br />Photo by {{user|KCFoggin|KCFoggin}}<br /> Myrtle Beach, [[South Carolina]], [[USA]], August 2007]] | [[Image:Juv_American_Robin.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Juvenile<br />Photo by {{user|KCFoggin|KCFoggin}}<br /> Myrtle Beach, [[South Carolina]], [[USA]], August 2007]] | ||
*''T. m. nigrideus'': | *''T. m. nigrideus'': | ||
| − | :*Eastern [[Canada]] ( | + | :*Eastern [[Canada]] ([[Newfoundland]] and [[Labrador]]); winters along Atlantic coast of [[US]] |
*''T. m. migratorius'': | *''T. m. migratorius'': | ||
:*Northern [[Alaska]] and northern [[Canada]] to central [[US]]; winters eastern [[Mexico]] and [[Cuba]] | :*Northern [[Alaska]] and northern [[Canada]] to central [[US]]; winters eastern [[Mexico]] and [[Cuba]] | ||
| Line 27: | Line 29: | ||
:*South-central [[US]]; winters to south-eastern [[Mexico]] | :*South-central [[US]]; winters to south-eastern [[Mexico]] | ||
*''T. m. caurinus'': | *''T. m. caurinus'': | ||
| − | :* | + | :*Southeastern [[Alaska]] and western [[Canada]] to northwestern [[Oregon]]; winters to [[California]] |
*''T. m. propinquus'': | *''T. m. propinquus'': | ||
| − | :*Eastern [[British Columbia]] to | + | :*Eastern [[British Columbia]] to southwestern [[US]] and south-western [[Mexico]]; winters to [[Guatemala]] |
*''T. m. phillipsi'': | *''T. m. phillipsi'': | ||
:*Eastern [[Mexico]] (south-western [[Tamaulipas]] to [[Puebla]], [[Guerrero]] and [[Oaxaca]]) | :*Eastern [[Mexico]] (south-western [[Tamaulipas]] to [[Puebla]], [[Guerrero]] and [[Oaxaca]]) | ||
| − | *''T. m. confinis'': Pale | + | *''T. m. confinis'': Pale buffy-brown underparts. |
:*Mountains of southern [[Baja California]] (Sierra de la Laguna) | :*Mountains of southern [[Baja California]] (Sierra de la Laguna) | ||
| + | |||
| + | The subspecies vary in intensity of color, with ''T. m. nigrideus'' the darkest and ''T. m. confinis'' the palest, and also slightly in size, with ''T. m. caurinus'' marginally the smallest. | ||
[[Image:SX40 002.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Photo by {{user|Joms|Joms}}<br />Boston, [[Massachusetts]], USA]] | [[Image:SX40 002.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Photo by {{user|Joms|Joms}}<br />Boston, [[Massachusetts]], USA]] | ||
==Habitat== | ==Habitat== | ||
| Line 39: | Line 43: | ||
==Behaviour== | ==Behaviour== | ||
====Diet==== | ====Diet==== | ||
| − | Consists of about 40 percent invertebrates, such as beetle grubs, caterpillars and grasshoppers, and 60 percent wild and cultivated | + | Consists of about 40 percent invertebrates, such as beetle grubs, caterpillars and grasshoppers, and 60 percent fruit and berries (both wild and cultivated). Frequently seen running across lawns, running and stopping with an stiff erect posture, then stopping to pick up prey, which it locates by sight, not hearing. <br> |
====Breeding==== | ====Breeding==== | ||
The female builds the nest and lays three or four blue eggs in the lined cup. The female does most of the incubation and it takes around a month for the chicks to fledge. There is often a second brood, the male caring for the fledglings whilst the female incubates the new clutch. | The female builds the nest and lays three or four blue eggs in the lined cup. The female does most of the incubation and it takes around a month for the chicks to fledge. There is often a second brood, the male caring for the fledglings whilst the female incubates the new clutch. | ||
| − | Bird banders found that only 25% of young | + | Bird banders have found that only about 25% of young birds survive the first year. |
==References== | ==References== | ||
#{{Ref-Clements6thAug13}}#Robins Nestcam | #{{Ref-Clements6thAug13}}#Robins Nestcam | ||
Revision as of 17:52, 9 December 2014
- Turdus migratorius
Identification
Length 23–28 cm; weight 59-94 g
- Gray mantle.
- Head black in summer male, dark gray in female and winter male; with white streaks on throat.
- Brick-red breast in male, orange in female, with belly white and undertail coverts white with blackish streaks.
- White eye-crescents, interrupted at front and back.
- Bill yellow in males, dusky yellow in females; usually with a dark tip.
- Legs reddish-brown.
Juvenile: scaly dark brown spots on orangey breast; mantle with whitish spots or streaks.
Similar species
None in most of North America; in the mountains of Mexico Rufous-backed Thrush is similar, but readily distinguished by its back as well as breast being rufous-orange, and its lack of the white eye crescents.
Distribution
Most of North America.
Breeds over most of Canada, the United States, and Mexico; in the east as far as Labrador and Newfoundland, in the south to northern Florida, central Texas and southern California, with disjunct populations in the mountains of Mexico south to Chiapas; in the north absent from only the Arctic tundra in northernmost Canada and Alaska. Northern birds are migratory leaving breeding areas in September-October and eastern birds winter from Newfoundland southwards, returning late March-mid May.
Winters in southernmost Canada (southwest British Columbia and southernmost Ontario), throughout the United States except the nothern parts of the Great Plains states and northern New England, and throughout Mexico. The northern boundary of wintering is variable depending on the size of fruit crops, with birds remaining further north (even as far north as the Anchorage area of Alaska) in years with good berry crops.
Vagrant in the Western Palearctic, recorded in Iceland (four records) and the British Isles, France and Belgium, Germany, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Czechoslovakia and Austria, also recently in Spain. Most frequently seen in Britain and Ireland (>30), mostly September-February with occasional records April-June. The records are scattered from Shetland to Scilly but there is a distinct bias towards the Northen Isles and the south-west.
Taxonomy
Subspecies
There are 7 subspecies[1]:
- T. m. nigrideus:
- Eastern Canada (Newfoundland and Labrador); winters along Atlantic coast of US
- T. m. migratorius:
- T. m. achrusterus:
- T. m. caurinus:
- Southeastern Alaska and western Canada to northwestern Oregon; winters to California
- T. m. propinquus:
- Eastern British Columbia to southwestern US and south-western Mexico; winters to Guatemala
- T. m. phillipsi:
- Eastern Mexico (south-western Tamaulipas to Puebla, Guerrero and Oaxaca)
- T. m. confinis: Pale buffy-brown underparts.
- Mountains of southern Baja California (Sierra de la Laguna)
The subspecies vary in intensity of color, with T. m. nigrideus the darkest and T. m. confinis the palest, and also slightly in size, with T. m. caurinus marginally the smallest.
Habitat
Open woodland and clearings in forest, farmland with copses and hedgerows, often in lowlands and frequently near water. In many areas has become an urban bird breeding in town parks and gardens.
Behaviour
Diet
Consists of about 40 percent invertebrates, such as beetle grubs, caterpillars and grasshoppers, and 60 percent fruit and berries (both wild and cultivated). Frequently seen running across lawns, running and stopping with an stiff erect posture, then stopping to pick up prey, which it locates by sight, not hearing.
Breeding
The female builds the nest and lays three or four blue eggs in the lined cup. The female does most of the incubation and it takes around a month for the chicks to fledge. There is often a second brood, the male caring for the fledglings whilst the female incubates the new clutch.
Bird banders have found that only about 25% of young birds survive the first year.
References
- Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson. 2013. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.8., with updates to August 2013. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- Robins Nestcam
- Shepherd Software
- Surfbirds
- Absolute Astronomy
- Wikipedia
Recommended Citation
- BirdForum Opus contributors. (2024) American Robin. In: BirdForum, the forum for wild birds and birding. Retrieved 24 April 2024 from https://www.birdforum.net/opus/American_Robin
External Links
