From Opus

Subspecies: N. n. hoactli
Photo by Gene
Illinois, USA, May 2004

Nycticorax nycticorax

[edit] Identification

64 cm
Short-necked, rather stout birds
Adult

• Black crown and back
• Rest of body white or gray
• Red eyes
• Short yellow legs

Young birds are brown, with white and gray flecks

Juvenile
Photo by Gary Clark
Patagonia Lake, Arizona, USA, Dec. 2007

[edit] Distribution

North, Central, and South America, Europe, Africa, and Asia.

[edit] Americas

Breeds in south-central and south-eastern Canada and over much of the USA except the mountains of the west. Also occurs in the West Indies and from Mexico south to Panama and over most of South America except the higher Andes and Amazonia. Also breeds in the Falkland Islands and Hawaii. Northern birds are migratory and winter in south-west and south-east USA.

[edit] Europe

Very patchy breeding range across southern Europe from Iberia to Greece and Turkey, and north to Russia. Isolated breeding population in the Netherlands.

Colony of full-winged, but artificially fed, birds of the nominate race breeds ferally in Norfolk, England and there is a small number of free-flying birds of the North American race based around Edinburgh Zoo, Scotland. Neither of these populations is thought to wander any distance and attempts are underway to reduce the number of free-flying birds in the Scottish population.

There are also colonies in Belgium which are the descendants of released birds. A summer visitor to all but the south-east of the region where resident, overshooting spring migrants regularly seen in Britain (>500 records), usually May-June, more rarely north to Iceland and the Faroes, Norway, Finland, and Estonia. Also recorded on the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde Islands.

[edit] Asia

Photo by linesiam
Bangpu, Thailand, March 2009

In Asia breeds from the Caspian east to China and Japan and south to India and Sri Lanka, Malaya, Borneo and Sumatra.

[edit] Africa/Middle East

Widespread in sub-Saharan Africa from Senegal to Somalia and south to the Cape but breeding records are widely scattered. Also small numbers in North-West Africa, the Nile Delta and parts of the Middle East.

[edit] Taxonomy

[edit] Subspecies^[1]

Four subspecies are recognised:

• N. n. nycticorax (Eurasian):

• Eurasia south to Indonesia, Africa and Madagascar

• N. n. hoactli (American);

• Southern Canada to northern Argentina and Chile, and the West Indies (Greater Antilles)

• N. n. obscurus:

• Northern Chile and north-central Argentina to Tierra del Fuego

• N. n. falklandicus (Falklands):

• Falkland Islands

[edit] Habitat

Wooded swamps, well-vegetated margins of lakes and rivers. On passage and in winter sometimes in more open habitats, including brackish lagoons and estuaries.

[edit] Behaviour

Usually crepuscular.

[edit] Breeding

It builds a platform of sticks placed in tree or cattails and nests colonially; more than a dozen nests may be in a single tree. Clutch usually consists of 3-5 greenish eggs.

[edit] Vocalisation

[edit] References

1. Clements, JF. 2008. The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World. 6th ed., with updates to December 2008. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0801445019. Spreadsheet available at http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist.
2. Wikipedia
3. surfbirds

• List of references

[edit] External Links

• Arthur Grosset's Birds