From Opus

Male, subspecies G. t. arizela
Photo by digishooter
Location: Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve, California, USA, March 2009

Geothlypis trichas

[edit] Identification

• 11-15 cm (5 ins)
• Upper parts Olive-brown
• Throat and upper breast bright yellow
  
• Male has bold black mask, bordered above with white.
  
• Females and young males lack the face mask, but retain yellow throat.

[edit] Distribution

Breeding Alaska, Ontario, and Newfoundland south throughout United States.
Winters in southern states and in tropics.
Accidental vagrant to Great Britain (5 records).

The bird is the northernmost member of a group of yellowthroat species that occurs as far south as Argentina.

Female
Photo by Terry O'Nolley
Hughes Hollow, Potomac, Maryland, September 2007

[edit] Taxonomy

[edit] Subspecies¹

Male, subspecies G. t. campicola
Photo by DarrenMcKenna
Location: Murray Lake, Alberta, Canada, June 2009

• G. t. arizela - breeds coastal pacific from southeastern Alaska south to central coastal California
• G. t. campicola - breeds from British Columbia east to western Ontario south to Idaho east to Nebraska
• G. t. chapalensis - breeds in northwest Mexico
• G. t. chryseola - breeds se. Arizona to south New Mexico, west Texas and north west Mexico
• G. t. ignota - breeds in the Gulf Coast from eastern Louisiana east to whole state of Florida
• G. t. insperata - breeds in southern Texas (Rio Grande Valley south of Brownsville)
• G. t. melanops - breeds in central Mexico
• G. t. modesta - breeds in western Mexico
• G. t. occidentalis - breeds from central Washington south to Nevada east to western Kansas and New Mexico
• G. t. scirpicola - breeds in southern California, northern Baja California, southern Nevada, and western Arizona
• G. t. sinuosa - breeds in San Francisco bay region
• G. t. trichas - breeds throughout the east from western Ontario south to North Carolina and eastern Texas
• G. t. typhicolai - breeds from central eastern Mississippi east to coastal Carolinas and Georgia
• G. t. yukonicola - breeds in Yukon Territory and northern British Columbia
  

Hybridization occurred once with Mourning Warbler.

Juvenile
Photo by bhowdy
Kyker Bottom Refuge, Tennessee, USA, August 2008

[edit] Habitat

Moist thickets and grassy marshes, almost anywhere where it is damp or with water.

[edit] Behaviour

Rather wren-like.

[edit] Breeding

Three to five white eggs, with brown and black spots, in a loose mass of grass, sedge, and bark, lined with rootlets, hair, and fine grass, and concealed on or near the ground in a dense clump of weeds or grass, in a marshy area.

At the height of the breeding season, the males perform an attractive flight display, mounting into the air while uttering a jumble of high-pitched notes, then bouncing back into the grass while giving the usual song. To foil predators, parents drop down into the thick of the grasses or weeds, secretly approach their well-hidden nest, deliver the food, and depart by another route.

[edit] Vocalisation

Loud, fast witchity-witchity-witchity-witchity-wit or which-is-it, which-is-it, which-is-it. Call a sharp chip.

[edit] References

1. Dunn, Jon; Garrett, Kimball. 1997. A Field Guide to Warblers of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 9780395783214
2. Clements, James F. 2007. The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World. 6th ed., with updates to October 2007. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801445019
3. e-Nature

[edit] External Links