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Difference between revisions of "European Robin" - BirdForum Opus

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;Erithacus rubecula
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[[Image:Robin.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo by {{user|Nigel+Kiteley|Nigel Kiteley}}<br />Canncck chase, April 2007]]
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[[Image:Robin.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo by Nigel Kiteley]]
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;[[:Category:Erithacus|Erithacus]] rubecula
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==Description==
 
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The European Robin (Erithacus rubecula) or, in Europe, simply Robin is a small passerine bird that was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family, but is now considered to belong to the Old World flycatchers (Muscicapidae). European Robins and similar small European species are often called chats.
 
  
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It occurs all over Europe to Western Siberia, south to Algeria and on the Atlantic Ocean as far as the Azores and Madeira. In the south east, it reaches the Caucasus range.
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==Identification==
 +
12.5 – 14.0 cm<br />
 +
Thin brown bill<br />
 +
Brown legs<br />
 +
'''Adult''': Olive-brown above, orange-red face, throat and breast. Bluish-grey flanks and whitish belly.<br />
 +
'''Juvenile''': speckled brown all over, it will be two to three months from fledging, before reddish feathers begin to appear under the chin.
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[[Image:Juv RB 6660.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Juvenile<br />Photo by {{user|Mali|Mali}}<br />South [[Wales]], June 2008]]
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====Similar Species====
 +
Juvenile is very similar to other chats, particularly juvenile [[Common Nightingale]].
 +
==Distribution==
 +
Widespread in [[Europe]] from western [[Siberia]], south to [[Algeria]] and as far as the [[Azores]] and [[Madeira]]. In the south east, it reaches the [[Caucasus]] range.<br />British Robins are largely resident but a small minority, usually female, migrate to southern Europe during winter and a few of these migrate as far as [[Spain]].
  
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The European Robin is a common European songbird. It is 12.5 – 14.0 cm (5.0 – 5.5 inches) long and it is known for its pugnacious behaviour despite its small size. The distinctive red patch on the chest of both sexes led to its original name of redbreast. In the fifteenth century, when it became popular to give human names to familiar species, the bird came to be known as Robin redbreast, which was eventually shortened to robin
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The females move a short distance from the summer nesting territory to a nearby territory that is more suitable for winter feeding. Males keep the same territory throughout the year.
  
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Robins have a fluting, warbling song in the breeding season. Robins often sing into the evening, and sometimes into the night, leading some to confuse them with the Nightingale. Both males and females sing during the winter, when they hold separate territories, the song then sounding more plaintive than the summer version. The female Robins move a short distance from the summer nesting territory to a nearby territory that is more suitable for winter feeding. Male Robins keep the same territory throughout the year.
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Scandinavian and Russian Robins migrate to Britain and western Europe to escape the harsher winters. These migrants can be recognised by the greyer tone of the upper parts of their bodies and duller orange breast.
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==Taxonomy==
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Robins build a neat cup nest in crevices, holes or artificial sites such as discarded kettles. When juvenile birds fly from the nests they are mottled brown in colour all over and do not have a red breast. After 2 to 3 months out of the nest, the juvenile birds grow some reddish feathers under their chins and over a further 2 to 3 months this patch gradually extends to complete the adult appearance.
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Formerly classed as a member of the thrush family, but is now considered to belong to the Old World flycatchers (Muscicapidae). European Robins and similar small European species are often called chats.
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The Robin is well known to British and Irish gardeners: it is relatively unafraid of humans and likes to come close when anyone is digging the soil, in order to look out for earthworms and other food freshly turned up; when the gardener stops for a break the robin might use the handle of the spade as a lookout point. Robins in continental Europe are more wary. Robins also approach large wild animals, such as wild boar and other animals which disturb the ground, to look for any food that might be brought to the surface.
 
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Male Robins are noted for their highly aggressive territorial behaviour. They will ruthlessly attack other males that stray into their territories, and have been observed attacking other small birds without apparent provocation. Such attacks sometimes lead to fatalities, an aspect of the birds' behaviour which is inconsistent with its wholesome, gentle public image.
 
  
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British Robins are largely resident but a small minority, usually female, migrate to southern Europe during winter and a few of these migrate as far as Spain.
+
The only species in the genus ''Erithacus'', but formerly considered congeneric with [[Japanese Robin]] and [[Ryukyu Robin]], these now moved to the genus ''[[:Category:Larvivora|Larvivora]]''. It was previously thought to be closely related to these, and to other European and Asian nightingales and robins in the genera ''[[:Category:Luscinia|Luscinia]]'' and ''[[:Category:Tarsiger|Tarsiger]]'', but recent genetic data has shown it is not closely related to these, nor to any other European or Asian birds, instead being in a group of tropical African robins in the genera ''[[:Category:Cossypha|Cossypha]]'', ''[[:Category:Cossyphicula|Cossyphicula]]'', ''[[:Category:Pogonocichla|Pogonocichla]]'', ''[[:Category:Pseudalethe|Pseudalethe]]'', ''[[:Category:Sheppardia|Sheppardia]]'', ''[[:Category:Stiphrornis|Stiphrornis]]'', and ''[[:Category:Swynnertonia|Swynnertonia]]''<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>.
  
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Scandinavian and Russian Robins migrate to Britain and western Europe to escape the harsher winters. These migrants can be recognised by the greyer tone of the upper parts of their bodies and duller orange breast.
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====Subspecies====
 +
[[Image:Pettirosso1.JPG|thumb|350px|right|Photo by {{user|ecavina|ecavina}}<br />S. Rossore, Pisa, [[Italy]], 1975]]
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There are 8 subspecies<sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup>:
 +
*''E. r. melophilus'':
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:*[[British Isles]] and [[Scandinavia]]
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*''E. r. rubecula'':
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:*Western [[Europe]], north-western [[Morocco]], [[Azores]], [[Madeira]] and western [[Canary Islands]]
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*''E. r. superbus'':
 +
:*Central Canary Islands ([[Tenerife]] and [[Gran Canaria]])
 +
*''E. r. witherbyi'':
 +
:*Southern [[Spain]], [[Corsica]], [[Sardinia]], north-eastern [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]] and [[Tunisia]]
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*''E. r. balcanicus'':
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:*Balkan Peninsula to western [[Turkey]]
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*''E. r. valens'':
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:*Crimean Peninsula
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*''E. r. hyrcanus'':
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:*South-eastern Transcaucasia to northern [[Iran]]
 +
*''E. r. tataricus'':
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:*Western [[Siberia]] (Ural Mountains to Semipalatinsk); winters to [[Iran]]
  
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Because of high mortality in the first year of life, a Robin has an average life expectancy of 1.1 years; however, once past its first year it can expect to live longer and one Robin has been recorded as reaching the age of 12 years
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The central Canary Island subspecies ''E. rubecula superbus'' has been proposed for a split under the name of Tenerife Robin or maybe even Superb Robin; so far this split does not seem to be supported by any major authority.
  
 
==Habitat==
 
==Habitat==
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<br>
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Woodland of various kinds, usually deciduous or mixed but purely coniferous in some areas. Found in lower branches of trees and in bushes and shrubs, usually feeding on the ground. Common in parks and gardens, especially in [[Britain]], also hedgerows and road verges but avoids most open spaces, except maybe on migration. May enter buildings in very harsh weather.
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Gardens, woods, hedges and anywhere else with trees<br>
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==Behaviour==
 +
Male Robins are highly territorial, and very aggressive for their size.
  
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==Breeding==
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Very confiding and will approach close to man, certainly in the [[British Isles]]; Continental birds appear to be more wary. Robins will also approach large wild animals that disturb the ground, to look for any food that might be brought to the surface.
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<br>
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====Diet====
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Domed nest of leaves in hedge or dense bush. Robins can use specialsed nest boxes and can nest anywhere including flower pots in garden sheds.<br>
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They have a varied diet, which includes seeds and insects. They readily visit bird tables.
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====Flight====
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==Food==
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Flight is rather 'flitting'. Flicks wings and tail when perched. Hops on ground.
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<br>Mostly on the ground after insect, berries and seeds. Comes to feeders and bird tables for seed mixtures.<br>
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====Breeding====
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A tidy nest-cup is constructed in crevices, holes or artificial sites such as discarded kettles.  
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==Song/Voice==
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====Vocalisation====
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<br>
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'''Song''': flutey and thin, warbling song in the breeding season, often singing after dark, leading to confusion with [[Common Nightingale]]. Both sexes sing during the winter, when they hold separate territories, the song then rather more plaintive than the summer version. Will sing all the year.<br />
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Both males and females will sing all year at any time. The song is an attractive rich warbling.  
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'''Call''': includes "tic", "tsip", and plaintive "tsee".
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<br>
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<flashmp3>Erithacus rubecula (song).mp3</flashmp3><br />
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''[[Media:Erithacus rubecula (song).mp3|Listen in an external program]]''
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==When==
 
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<br> 
 
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In Summer in North & East Europe. All year in South and West, residents joined by migratory birds in winter.
 
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==Identification==
 
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Abundant and widespread in the British Isles, France and most of Iberia east to the foothills of the Urals. Found throughout Scandinavia except the higher mountains and far north, and in the south from southern Spain to Greece, northern Turkey and the Caucasus. Also breeds in the Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands, and patchily in northern parts of Morocco, Algeria and north-west Tunisia. Has bred in the Faroes.  
 
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From central Europe northwards and eastwards mainly migratory, a partial migrant over much of remainder and resident in the south. Winter range more extensive occurring widely in southern Europe and southern Russia, Turkey and the Middle East, and North Africa.  
 
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Vagrants recorded north to Iceland (has attempted breeding), Jan Mayen, Bear Island and Svalbard, also south to Mauritania.  
 
  
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Subspecies Several races occur in the Region differing in depth of colour above and on breast but field separation of most is rarely possible except sometimes in fresh plumage. British birds melophilus differ from nominate Continental birds in darker upperparts and deeper orange below. Races such as tataricus from the far east of the Region are notably greyer above than western European birds. E.r.superbus from Gran Canaria and Tenerife (but not the remaining Canary Islands where nominate occurs) is rather distinctive, pale eye-ring, deep red face and breast and white belly separated from dark grey brown upperparts by a broad silvery band. Recently proposed as a full species - the Tenerife Robin.  
+
==In Culture==
 +
The red breast patch led to its original name of "redbreast". In the middle ages it was usual to give human names to familiar species, the bird came to be known as Robin redbreast, which was eventually shortened to robin.
  
−
Habitat Woodland of various kinds, usually deciduous or mixed but purely coniferous in some areas. Found in lower branches of trees and in bushes and shrubs, usually feeding on the ground. Common in parks and gardens, especially in Britain, also hedgerows and road verges but avoids most open spaces.
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Folklore tells us that the Robin obtained his red breast because blood dripped onto him when removing a thorn from the head of Jesus.
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==Bird Song==
+
==References==
−
<flashmp3>Erithacus rubecula (song).mp3</flashmp3><br />
+
#Sangster, G., Alström, P., Forsmark, E., & Olsson, U. (2010). Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae). ''Molecular phylogenetics and evolution'' 57 (1): [http://www.nrm.se/download/18.3ebfe5cf12a9d3ebacb80002787/Sangster+et+al+2010+Muscicapidae+MPE.pdf 380-392].
−
''[[Media:Erithacus rubecula (song).mp3|Listen in an external program]]''
+
#{{Ref-Clements6thAug13}}#Animal Pictures Archive
 +
#Collins Pocket Guide to British Birds 1966
 +
#Collins Field Guide 5th Edition
 +
{{ref}}
 
==External Links==
 
==External Links==
−
*  {{GSearch|Erithacus+rubecula}}
+
{{GSearch|Erithacus+rubecula}}
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[[Category:Birds]]
+
<br />
 +
{{Video|European_Robin}}
 +
[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Erithacus]][[Category:Bird Songs]]

Revision as of 18:36, 29 December 2014

Photo by Nigel Kiteley
Canncck chase, April 2007
Erithacus rubecula

Identification

12.5 – 14.0 cm
Thin brown bill
Brown legs
Adult: Olive-brown above, orange-red face, throat and breast. Bluish-grey flanks and whitish belly.
Juvenile: speckled brown all over, it will be two to three months from fledging, before reddish feathers begin to appear under the chin.

Juvenile
Photo by Mali
South Wales, June 2008

Similar Species

Juvenile is very similar to other chats, particularly juvenile Common Nightingale.

Distribution

Widespread in Europe from western Siberia, south to Algeria and as far as the Azores and Madeira. In the south east, it reaches the Caucasus range.
British Robins are largely resident but a small minority, usually female, migrate to southern Europe during winter and a few of these migrate as far as Spain.

The females move a short distance from the summer nesting territory to a nearby territory that is more suitable for winter feeding. Males keep the same territory throughout the year.

Scandinavian and Russian Robins migrate to Britain and western Europe to escape the harsher winters. These migrants can be recognised by the greyer tone of the upper parts of their bodies and duller orange breast.

Taxonomy

Formerly classed as a member of the thrush family, but is now considered to belong to the Old World flycatchers (Muscicapidae). European Robins and similar small European species are often called chats.

The only species in the genus Erithacus, but formerly considered congeneric with Japanese Robin and Ryukyu Robin, these now moved to the genus Larvivora. It was previously thought to be closely related to these, and to other European and Asian nightingales and robins in the genera Luscinia and Tarsiger, but recent genetic data has shown it is not closely related to these, nor to any other European or Asian birds, instead being in a group of tropical African robins in the genera Cossypha, Cossyphicula, Pogonocichla, Pseudalethe, Sheppardia, Stiphrornis, and Swynnertonia[1].

Subspecies

Photo by ecavina
S. Rossore, Pisa, Italy, 1975

There are 8 subspecies[2]:

  • E. r. melophilus:
  • E. r. rubecula:
  • E. r. superbus:
  • E. r. witherbyi:
  • E. r. balcanicus:
  • Balkan Peninsula to western Turkey
  • E. r. valens:
  • Crimean Peninsula
  • E. r. hyrcanus:
  • South-eastern Transcaucasia to northern Iran
  • E. r. tataricus:
  • Western Siberia (Ural Mountains to Semipalatinsk); winters to Iran

The central Canary Island subspecies E. rubecula superbus has been proposed for a split under the name of Tenerife Robin or maybe even Superb Robin; so far this split does not seem to be supported by any major authority.

Habitat

Woodland of various kinds, usually deciduous or mixed but purely coniferous in some areas. Found in lower branches of trees and in bushes and shrubs, usually feeding on the ground. Common in parks and gardens, especially in Britain, also hedgerows and road verges but avoids most open spaces, except maybe on migration. May enter buildings in very harsh weather.

Behaviour

Male Robins are highly territorial, and very aggressive for their size.

Very confiding and will approach close to man, certainly in the British Isles; Continental birds appear to be more wary. Robins will also approach large wild animals that disturb the ground, to look for any food that might be brought to the surface.

Diet

They have a varied diet, which includes seeds and insects. They readily visit bird tables.

Flight

Flight is rather 'flitting'. Flicks wings and tail when perched. Hops on ground.

Breeding

A tidy nest-cup is constructed in crevices, holes or artificial sites such as discarded kettles.

Vocalisation

Song: flutey and thin, warbling song in the breeding season, often singing after dark, leading to confusion with Common Nightingale. Both sexes sing during the winter, when they hold separate territories, the song then rather more plaintive than the summer version. Will sing all the year.
Call: includes "tic", "tsip", and plaintive "tsee". <flashmp3>Erithacus rubecula (song).mp3</flashmp3>
Listen in an external program

In Culture

The red breast patch led to its original name of "redbreast". In the middle ages it was usual to give human names to familiar species, the bird came to be known as Robin redbreast, which was eventually shortened to robin.

Folklore tells us that the Robin obtained his red breast because blood dripped onto him when removing a thorn from the head of Jesus.

References

  1. Sangster, G., Alström, P., Forsmark, E., & Olsson, U. (2010). Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae). Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 57 (1): 380-392.
  2. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson. 2013. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.8., with updates to August 2013. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
  3. Animal Pictures Archive
  4. Collins Pocket Guide to British Birds 1966
  5. Collins Field Guide 5th Edition

Recommended Citation

External Links


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