From Opus

Gracula religiosa

Includes Southern Hill Myna, Enggano Myna, Nias Myna

Photo by joeyao.
Photo taken: Upper Seletar Reservoir, Singapore.

[edit] Identification

G. r. indica: 11.0–11.8 in (28–30 cm). Black with a heavy orange-yellow bill, feet, and fleshy wattles below each eye and on the nape; rounded black wings with a white stripe running midway through the primaries.

[edit] Distribution & Taxonomy

Gracula religiosa has ten subspecies:

• G. r. religiosa

• Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Simeulue, Bangka, Borneo, Java, Bali, and Kangean and Bawean (Java Sea)

• G. r. batuensis

• Batu and Mentawi Is. (off west Sumatra)

• G. r. palawanensis

• Palawan

• G. r. venerata

• Sumbawa to Alor (Lesser Sundas)

Photo by James Williams
Location: Coorg, Karnataka, Southern India

• G. r. intermedia

• North and northeast India, Myanmar, Thailand, Indochina, south Yunnan, Hainan

• G. r. peninsularis

• East-central India (Orissa)

• G. r. andamanensis

• Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands

• G. r. indica

• South-western India and southern Sri Lanka
• Recognised as a separate species, Southern Hill Myna, by some authorities^1,2

• G. r. enganensis

• Enggano Island
• Recognised as a separate species, Enggano Myna, by some authorities^1,2

• G. r. robusta

• Nias, Pulan, Babi, Tuangku and Bangkaru islands
• Recognised as a separate species, Nias Myna, by some authorities^1,2

[edit] Habitat

Forest.

[edit] Behaviour

Diet includes nectar, insects, other small animals.

[edit] Breeding

G. r. indica: Build a nest of small twigs, leaves, and feathers. 2-3 light blue to blue-green eggs with brown to lavender spotting are laid; incubation by both sexes for 13–17 days; parental care by both adults; young fledge at 25–28 days; post-fledging care is minimal. May produce as many as three broods per year in some areas.

[edit] References

1. Clements, JF. 2008. The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World. 6th ed., with updates to December 2008. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0801445019. Spreadsheet available at http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist.
2. Gill, F and M Wright. 2008. Birds of the World: Recommended English Names. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, USA. 2006. ISBN 9780691128276. Update (2008) downloaded from http://worldbirdnames.org/names.html.

• List of references

[edit] External Links