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Hooded Oriole
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| | ;[[: Category:Icterus|Icterus]] cucullatus | | ;[[: Category:Icterus|Icterus]] cucullatus |
| | ==Identification== | | ==Identification== |
| - | 18-20 cm (7-8 in), with a long tail<br /> | + | 18-20 cm (7-8 in), |
| | + | *Long [[Topography#Tails|graduated]] tail |
| | + | *Long, thin, downward curved bill |
| | '''Breeding male''' | | '''Breeding male''' |
| - | *Orange -yellow head and nape | + | *Orange-yellow head and nape |
| | *Black back, face, throat, and upper breast | | *Black back, face, throat, and upper breast |
| - | *Downward curved bill | |
| | *Black wings have two white bars | | *Black wings have two white bars |
| | *Black tail<br /> | | *Black tail<br /> |
| | '''Female''' | | '''Female''' |
| | *Olive-grey upperparts | | *Olive-grey upperparts |
| - | *Yellow-green underparts<br /> | + | *Yellow-green underparts, mostly with grey flanks |
| | + | *Upper wing bar stronger than lower<br /> |
| | '''Juvenile''': similar to female; male may show black on throat | | '''Juvenile''': similar to female; male may show black on throat |
| | + | ====Geographic variation==== |
| | + | Western birds are generally shorter tailed, and males have less orange on heads and body. Flank color in females varies but not necessarily with an east-west division. |
| | ====Similar Species==== | | ====Similar Species==== |
| - | On males notice the black facial mask goes down perpedicular to the line from eye to upper bill, so that the black area constitutes a square. Similar, black-faced, species have an angle smaller than 90 deg. | + | On males notice the black facial mask goes down perpedicular to the line from eye to upper bill, so that the black area constitutes a square. Similar, black-faced, species have an angle smaller than 90 deg. <br /> |
| | [[Image:Hooded_oriole_fem.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Adult female, before release<br />Photo by {{user|HelenB|HelenB}}<br/>At a banding station, Concan, [[Texas]] Hill Country, April 2005]] | | [[Image:Hooded_oriole_fem.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Adult female, before release<br />Photo by {{user|HelenB|HelenB}}<br/>At a banding station, Concan, [[Texas]] Hill Country, April 2005]] |
| | + | Females can be quite similar to female [[Orchard Oriole]], which is smaller, have square tail, shorter stouter bill with almost straight [[Topography#Beaks|culmen]], usually brighter green on upperside and brighter, more evenly colored underside including the flanks. |
| | ==Distribution== | | ==Distribution== |
| | Breeds from central [[California]], [[Nevada]], central [[Arizona]], southern [[New Mexico]], and southern [[Texas]] southward through [[Mexico]] to [[Belize]]. Some of the Mexican breeders seems to have bred already in the same summer in the US before migrating to Mexico for their second round of nesting. | | Breeds from central [[California]], [[Nevada]], central [[Arizona]], southern [[New Mexico]], and southern [[Texas]] southward through [[Mexico]] to [[Belize]]. Some of the Mexican breeders seems to have bred already in the same summer in the US before migrating to Mexico for their second round of nesting. |
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| | #BF Member observations | | #BF Member observations |
| | # Howell & Webb, 1995. A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198540124 | | # Howell & Webb, 1995. A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198540124 |
| | + | # Birds of North America Online |
| | {{ref}} | | {{ref}} |
| | ==External Links== | | ==External Links== |
Revision as of 18:11, 18 March 2012
- Icterus cucullatus
Identification
18-20 cm (7-8 in),
- Long graduated tail
- Long, thin, downward curved bill
Breeding male
- Orange-yellow head and nape
- Black back, face, throat, and upper breast
- Black wings have two white bars
- Black tail
Female
- Olive-grey upperparts
- Yellow-green underparts, mostly with grey flanks
- Upper wing bar stronger than lower
Juvenile: similar to female; male may show black on throat
Geographic variation
Western birds are generally shorter tailed, and males have less orange on heads and body. Flank color in females varies but not necessarily with an east-west division.
Similar Species
On males notice the black facial mask goes down perpedicular to the line from eye to upper bill, so that the black area constitutes a square. Similar, black-faced, species have an angle smaller than 90 deg.
 Adult female, before release Photo by HelenBAt a banding station, Concan, Texas Hill Country, April 2005 Females can be quite similar to female Orchard Oriole, which is smaller, have square tail, shorter stouter bill with almost straight culmen, usually brighter green on upperside and brighter, more evenly colored underside including the flanks.
Distribution
Breeds from central California, Nevada, central Arizona, southern New Mexico, and southern Texas southward through Mexico to Belize. Some of the Mexican breeders seems to have bred already in the same summer in the US before migrating to Mexico for their second round of nesting.
A few spend winters in southern California and southern Texas, most of the rest winter in Mexico.
Casual vagrant to Oregon and Washington. Accidental vagrant to Ontario, Quebec, and Louisiana.
Taxonomy
Subspecies
Currently, six subspecies are recognized by Clements[1], with several others considered synonyms[2]:
Eastern Group
- Southern Texas (lower Rio Grande Valley) to eastern Mexico (Tamaulipas)
- South-western Texas (Del Rio) to south-eastern Mexico (Veracruz and Oaxaca)
Western Group
- Central California to northern Baja and north-western Mexico (southern Sonora, northern Chihuahua)
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- North-western Mexico (southern Sonora)
- Yucatan Peninsula, Cozumel, Contoy, Holbox and Mujeres Island to Belize
 Eastern Male Photo by bobsofpaRest Area on US 77, Kenedy County, Texas, USA, April 2005 Habitat
Usually found in scrubby or open woods, desert, urban gardens and forests. Observed at heights around 5000 feet.
Behaviour
Vocalisation
Described as variable but not necessarily loud or striking. Song is a rapid, variable warble. Calls include a dry chatter, chek and tchek sounds, etc.
Breeding
They nest in tall trees, often in fan palms, cottonwoods, sycamores, oaks, and eucalyptus. The cup-shaped nest is made by the female and suspended from branches. The 3-5 white, pale yellow or pale blue eggs are incubated for about 12-14 days, by the female.
Their nests in California become parasitized by both the Bronzed Cowbird and Brown-headed Cowbird.
Diet
Diet includes fruit, nectar, and insects.
Gallery
Click on image to enlarge
First summer male Photo by bobsofpaConvention Center, South Padre Island, Texas, USA, April 2010 |
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References
- Clements, JF. 2011. The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World. 6th ed., with updates to August 2011. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0801445019. Spreadsheet available at http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/downloadable-clements-checklist
- Avibase
- Paper describing migration to second breeding area
- shawcreekbirdsupply
- BF Member observations
- Howell & Webb, 1995. A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198540124
- Birds of North America Online
External Links
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