Nutcracker (talk | contribs) m (correction) |
Nutcracker (talk | contribs) (better pic) |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| − | [[Image: | + | [[Image:Thalasseus sandvicensis, Minsmere.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Sandwich Tern<br />Photo by {{user|beakerbaz|beakerbaz}}<br />[[Minsmere]], [[Suffolk]]; July 2011]] |
;[[:Category:Thalasseus|Thalasseus]] sandvicensis | ;[[:Category:Thalasseus|Thalasseus]] sandvicensis | ||
'''Includes Cabot's Tern and Cayenne Tern'''<br /> | '''Includes Cabot's Tern and Cayenne Tern'''<br /> | ||
''Sterna sandvicensis'' | ''Sterna sandvicensis'' | ||
==Identification== | ==Identification== | ||
| + | [[Image:13783S Tern.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Sandwich Tern, adult in flight<br />Photo by {{user|NIGHTJAR1|NIGHTJAR1}}<br /> [[Farne Islands]], [[Northumberland]], [[UK]], July 2006]] | ||
Length 36–46 cm (14¼-18 in), wingspan 85-97 cm, weight 130-285 g | Length 36–46 cm (14¼-18 in), wingspan 85-97 cm, weight 130-285 g | ||
*Slender black bill with pale yellow tip | *Slender black bill with pale yellow tip | ||
*Black legs | *Black legs | ||
*Feet have yellow soles | *Feet have yellow soles | ||
| − | *Light grey above with blackish wing tips. The rump and rather short forked tail | + | *Light grey above with blackish wing tips. The rump and rather short forked tail are white. Underparts white (rarely faintly tinged creamy-pink).<br /> |
| − | |||
'''Summer Adult''': forehead, crown and nape black. Loose long feathers at the nape form a crest in the wind or when excited. <br /> | '''Summer Adult''': forehead, crown and nape black. Loose long feathers at the nape form a crest in the wind or when excited. <br /> | ||
'''Winter Adult''' black areas on the front and top of the head turn white and speckled black on the crest. This can happen as early as June, more usually from July onward.<br /> | '''Winter Adult''' black areas on the front and top of the head turn white and speckled black on the crest. This can happen as early as June, more usually from July onward.<br /> | ||
| − | '''Juvenile''': scalloped blackish-brown on mantle and wings, brown on forehead, crown and nape; white elsewhere. Bill is | + | '''Juvenile''': scalloped with blackish-brown chevrons on mantle and wings, brown on forehead, crown and nape; white elsewhere. Bill is blackish-yellow to all black.<br /> |
| + | '''First-winter''': mantle becomes pale grey, and forehead white after post-juvenile moult in a month or two after fledging; some scalloping remains on wing coverts. | ||
| + | |||
====Similar species==== | ====Similar species==== | ||
| − | [[Gull-billed Tern]] is superficially similar in plumage, but differs structurally, with longer legs, shorter broader wings (more gull-like in flight), shorter, thicker, all-black bill, no crest, and a pale grey rump. [[Lesser Crested Tern|Lesser Crested]] and [[Elegant Tern]]s are structurally very similar, but differ in their bright orange bills, and in Lesser Crested, also a pale grey rump, and in Elegant, a longer bill. | + | [[Gull-billed Tern]] is superficially similar in plumage, but differs structurally, with longer legs, shorter broader wings (more gull-like in flight), shorter, thicker, all-black bill, no crest, and a pale grey rump. [[Lesser Crested Tern|Lesser Crested]] and [[Elegant Tern]]s are structurally very similar, but differ in their bright orange bills, and in Lesser Crested, also a pale grey rump, and in Elegant, a longer bill. Juvenile [[Roseate Tern]] has a similar scalloped mantle pattern, but is smaller, has a darker forehead, and a longer tail. |
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| + | [[Image:Thalasseus sandvicensis, juvenile, Farnes.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Sandwich Tern, fresh juvenile (bill not yet fully grown)<br />Photo by {{user|Xmor|Xmor}}<br /> Farne Islands, Northumberland, UK, July 2014]] | ||
A breeding summer visitor widely on the coasts of [[Europe]] and southwestern [[Asia]] ([[Estonia]] west to [[Ireland]], and western [[France]], and east through the Mediterranean from northeast [[Spain]] to the Black Sea and Caspian Sea), wintering on the west and north coasts of [[Africa]], the Arabian Sea, and locally of western [[India]]. A separate [sub]species (see '''Taxonomy''', below) breeds on the Atlantic coasts of [[North America|North]] and [[South America]], wintering additionally on the Pacific coast of northern South America. | A breeding summer visitor widely on the coasts of [[Europe]] and southwestern [[Asia]] ([[Estonia]] west to [[Ireland]], and western [[France]], and east through the Mediterranean from northeast [[Spain]] to the Black Sea and Caspian Sea), wintering on the west and north coasts of [[Africa]], the Arabian Sea, and locally of western [[India]]. A separate [sub]species (see '''Taxonomy''', below) breeds on the Atlantic coasts of [[North America|North]] and [[South America]], wintering additionally on the Pacific coast of northern South America. | ||
==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
| − | |||
Like the other ''Thalasseus'' terns, this species is was formerly often placed in the genus ''[[:Category:Sterna|Sterna]]''. | Like the other ''Thalasseus'' terns, this species is was formerly often placed in the genus ''[[:Category:Sterna|Sterna]]''. | ||
====Subspecies==== | ====Subspecies==== | ||
| Line 26: | Line 28: | ||
*'''Sandwich Tern''' ''Thalasseus sandvicensis'' [[Dictionary_P-S#S|sensu stricto]] | *'''Sandwich Tern''' ''Thalasseus sandvicensis'' [[Dictionary_P-S#S|sensu stricto]] | ||
**''T. s. sandvicensis'' breeds on the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of [[Europe]] and winters on the west coast of [[Africa]]. | **''T. s. sandvicensis'' breeds on the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of [[Europe]] and winters on the west coast of [[Africa]]. | ||
| + | [[Image:Thalasseus acuflavidus, South Padre Island, TX.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Cabot's Tern, adult summer<br />Photo by {{user|bobsofpa|bobsofpa}}<br />South Padre Island, [[Texas]], April 2016; note stout-based bill compared to Sandwich Tern]] | ||
*'''Cabot's Tern''' ''Thalasseus'' (''sandvicensis'') ''acuflavidus'' | *'''Cabot's Tern''' ''Thalasseus'' (''sandvicensis'') ''acuflavidus'' | ||
**''T. s. acuflavidus'' breeds on Atlantic coasts of [[North America]] and winters on Caribbean and northern South American coasts. | **''T. s. acuflavidus'' breeds on Atlantic coasts of [[North America]] and winters on Caribbean and northern South American coasts. | ||
| Line 31: | Line 34: | ||
A study of genetic data<sup>[[#References|[4]]]</sup> showed that ''acuflavidus'' (including ''eurygnathus'') was more closely related to [[Elegant Tern]] than to Sandwich Tern, and should be treated as separate species, ''Thalasseus acuflavidus''. It differs from ''sandvicensis'' most obviously in a shorter, stouter bill, with in South American ''eurygnathus'' populations an increasing amount of yellow in the bill. There are also differences in timings of wing moult, and in the juvenile plumage having less scaling on the mantle<sup>[[#References|[5]]]</sup>. In the past, the populations with all or mostly yellow bills were sometimes treated as a separate species, Cayenne Tern ''T. eurygnathus'', but in genetics these are very close to Cabot's Tern<sup>[[#References|[4]]]</sup>. | A study of genetic data<sup>[[#References|[4]]]</sup> showed that ''acuflavidus'' (including ''eurygnathus'') was more closely related to [[Elegant Tern]] than to Sandwich Tern, and should be treated as separate species, ''Thalasseus acuflavidus''. It differs from ''sandvicensis'' most obviously in a shorter, stouter bill, with in South American ''eurygnathus'' populations an increasing amount of yellow in the bill. There are also differences in timings of wing moult, and in the juvenile plumage having less scaling on the mantle<sup>[[#References|[5]]]</sup>. In the past, the populations with all or mostly yellow bills were sometimes treated as a separate species, Cayenne Tern ''T. eurygnathus'', but in genetics these are very close to Cabot's Tern<sup>[[#References|[4]]]</sup>. | ||
| − | + | ||
There are one or two records of transatlantic vagrants of each of ''T. s. sandvicensis'' in North America and ''T. s. acuflavidus'' in Europe; in both cases including ringed birds which allowed confirmed identification at a time when field identification between them was still poorly researched<sup>[[#References|[6]]]</sup><sup>[[#References|[7]]]</sup>. | There are one or two records of transatlantic vagrants of each of ''T. s. sandvicensis'' in North America and ''T. s. acuflavidus'' in Europe; in both cases including ringed birds which allowed confirmed identification at a time when field identification between them was still poorly researched<sup>[[#References|[6]]]</sup><sup>[[#References|[7]]]</sup>. | ||
| Line 42: | Line 45: | ||
Colonial nesters (often with [[Common Tern|Common]], [[Arctic Tern|Arctic]], or other terns), the nest is a ground scrape and they lay 1-3 eggs. | Colonial nesters (often with [[Common Tern|Common]], [[Arctic Tern|Arctic]], or other terns), the nest is a ground scrape and they lay 1-3 eggs. | ||
====Diet==== | ====Diet==== | ||
| − | |||
Its diet includes fish which it catches by plunging into the sea. | Its diet includes fish which it catches by plunging into the sea. | ||
====Vocalisation==== | ====Vocalisation==== | ||
<flashmp3>Sterna sandvicensis (song).mp3</flashmp3><br /> | <flashmp3>Sterna sandvicensis (song).mp3</flashmp3><br /> | ||
''[[Media:Sterna sandvicensis (song).mp3|Listen in an external program]]'' | ''[[Media:Sterna sandvicensis (song).mp3|Listen in an external program]]'' | ||
| + | ==Gallery== | ||
| + | ''Click on images to see full size'' | ||
| + | <gallery> | ||
| + | Image:IMG 7267ao.JPG|Sandwich Tern moulting into adult winter plumage<br />Photo by {{user|IanF|IanF}}<br />Newburn Bridge, Hartlepool, Cleveland, UK, October 2008 | ||
| + | Image:7D2 1122 b 900.jpg|Sandwich Tern, first-winter<br />Photo by {{user|Joe52|Joe52}}<br />Bournemouth, [[Dorset]], September 2016 | ||
| + | Image:607-14347fg2 First Winter Sandwich Tern.jpg|Cabot's Tern, first-winter<br />Photo by {{user|bobsofpa|bobsofpa}}<br />Fort Island Trail Beach, Crystal River, [[Florida]], [[USA]], August 2007 | ||
| + | </gallery> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
#{{Ref-Clements6thAug16}}#{{Ref-GillDonsker16V6.3}}#Sangster, G., et al. (2011). Taxonomic recommendations for British birds: seventh report. ''Ibis'' 153: [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2011.01155.x/pdf 883–892]. | #{{Ref-Clements6thAug16}}#{{Ref-GillDonsker16V6.3}}#Sangster, G., et al. (2011). Taxonomic recommendations for British birds: seventh report. ''Ibis'' 153: [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2011.01155.x/pdf 883–892]. | ||
Revision as of 00:05, 20 September 2016
- Thalasseus sandvicensis
Includes Cabot's Tern and Cayenne Tern
Sterna sandvicensis
Identification
Length 36–46 cm (14¼-18 in), wingspan 85-97 cm, weight 130-285 g
- Slender black bill with pale yellow tip
- Black legs
- Feet have yellow soles
- Light grey above with blackish wing tips. The rump and rather short forked tail are white. Underparts white (rarely faintly tinged creamy-pink).
Summer Adult: forehead, crown and nape black. Loose long feathers at the nape form a crest in the wind or when excited.
Winter Adult black areas on the front and top of the head turn white and speckled black on the crest. This can happen as early as June, more usually from July onward.
Juvenile: scalloped with blackish-brown chevrons on mantle and wings, brown on forehead, crown and nape; white elsewhere. Bill is blackish-yellow to all black.
First-winter: mantle becomes pale grey, and forehead white after post-juvenile moult in a month or two after fledging; some scalloping remains on wing coverts.
Similar species
Gull-billed Tern is superficially similar in plumage, but differs structurally, with longer legs, shorter broader wings (more gull-like in flight), shorter, thicker, all-black bill, no crest, and a pale grey rump. Lesser Crested and Elegant Terns are structurally very similar, but differ in their bright orange bills, and in Lesser Crested, also a pale grey rump, and in Elegant, a longer bill. Juvenile Roseate Tern has a similar scalloped mantle pattern, but is smaller, has a darker forehead, and a longer tail.
Distribution
Photo by Xmor
Farne Islands, Northumberland, UK, July 2014
A breeding summer visitor widely on the coasts of Europe and southwestern Asia (Estonia west to Ireland, and western France, and east through the Mediterranean from northeast Spain to the Black Sea and Caspian Sea), wintering on the west and north coasts of Africa, the Arabian Sea, and locally of western India. A separate [sub]species (see Taxonomy, below) breeds on the Atlantic coasts of North and South America, wintering additionally on the Pacific coast of northern South America.
Taxonomy
Like the other Thalasseus terns, this species is was formerly often placed in the genus Sterna.
Subspecies
Three subspecies are recognised by some authorities[1], while others treat it as monotypic, with the other two subspecies treated as separate species[2][3]:
- Sandwich Tern Thalasseus sandvicensis sensu stricto
- Cabot's Tern Thalasseus (sandvicensis) acuflavidus
- T. s. acuflavidus breeds on Atlantic coasts of North America and winters on Caribbean and northern South American coasts.
- T. s. eurygnathus breeds and winters on the Atlantic coast of South America.
A study of genetic data[4] showed that acuflavidus (including eurygnathus) was more closely related to Elegant Tern than to Sandwich Tern, and should be treated as separate species, Thalasseus acuflavidus. It differs from sandvicensis most obviously in a shorter, stouter bill, with in South American eurygnathus populations an increasing amount of yellow in the bill. There are also differences in timings of wing moult, and in the juvenile plumage having less scaling on the mantle[5]. In the past, the populations with all or mostly yellow bills were sometimes treated as a separate species, Cayenne Tern T. eurygnathus, but in genetics these are very close to Cabot's Tern[4].
There are one or two records of transatlantic vagrants of each of T. s. sandvicensis in North America and T. s. acuflavidus in Europe; in both cases including ringed birds which allowed confirmed identification at a time when field identification between them was still poorly researched[6][7].
Habitat
Almost entirely marine. Breeds on shingly, sandy or rocky islands with a high degree of protection from land predators.
Behaviour
Flight
Strong flight, often quite high.
Breeding
Colonial nesters (often with Common, Arctic, or other terns), the nest is a ground scrape and they lay 1-3 eggs.
Diet
Its diet includes fish which it catches by plunging into the sea.
Vocalisation
<flashmp3>Sterna sandvicensis (song).mp3</flashmp3>
Listen in an external program
Gallery
Click on images to see full size
Sandwich Tern moulting into adult winter plumage
Photo by IanF
Newburn Bridge, Hartlepool, Cleveland, UK, October 2008
References
- Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2016. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2016, with updates to August 2016. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- Gill, F and D Donsker (Eds). 2016. IOC World Bird Names (version 6.3). Available at http://www.worldbirdnames.org/.
- Sangster, G., et al. (2011). Taxonomic recommendations for British birds: seventh report. Ibis 153: 883–892.
- Efe, M. A., Tavares, E. S., Baker, A. J. & Bonatto, S. L. (2009). Multigene phylogeny and DNA barcoding indicate that the Sandwich tern complex (Thalasseus sandvicensis, Laridae, Sternini) comprises two species. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 52: 263‑267.
- Garner, M., Lewington, I., & Crook., J. (2007). ldentification of American Sandwich Tern. Dutch Birding 29: 273-287.
- Neise, G. (2011). North American Birding (blog): Sandwich or Cabot's?
- Iliff, M., Grantham, M., & Garner, M. (2013). Birding Frontiers (blog): Eurasian Sandwich Tern in North America
- Collins Bird Guide ISBN 0 00 219728 6
- Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (retrieved September 2016)
Recommended Citation
- BirdForum Opus contributors. (2024) Sandwich Tern. In: BirdForum, the forum for wild birds and birding. Retrieved 19 April 2024 from https://www.birdforum.net/opus/Sandwich_Tern
External Links
