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==Identification== | ==Identification== | ||
22cm. A medium-sized starling | 22cm. A medium-sized starling | ||
| − | * Unspotted black plumage in spring and summer with | + | * Unspotted 'oily'-looking black plumage in spring and summer with uniformly purple gloss |
| − | * Some pale spots on flanks and mantle in winter and in females | + | * Some tiny pale spots on flanks and mantle in winter and in females |
* Greatly elongated feathers of crown, nape, throat and upper breast | * Greatly elongated feathers of crown, nape, throat and upper breast | ||
| − | * Short-looking yellow | + | * Short-looking bill, yellow with bluish-black base in summer, blackish outside breeding season |
* Pink or reddish-pink legs, duller outside breeding season | * Pink or reddish-pink legs, duller outside breeding season | ||
| − | Juveniles are dull brown | + | * Juveniles are dull brown; distinctly darker than juvenile [[Common Starling]]s |
[[Image:Zwarte Spreeuw.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Juvenile<br />Photo by {{user|gerwin|gerwin}}<br />Étang d'Urbino, [[Corsica]], July 2007]] | [[Image:Zwarte Spreeuw.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Juvenile<br />Photo by {{user|gerwin|gerwin}}<br />Étang d'Urbino, [[Corsica]], July 2007]] | ||
====Similar species==== | ====Similar species==== | ||
| − | [[Common Starling]] can be almost devoid of spots, but there is still a structural difference in | + | [[Common Starling]] can be almost devoid of spots, but there is still a structural difference, particularly in the throat feathers (long and slender in Spotless, short in Common). Spotless Starlings are always blacker than Common Starlings. |
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| − | Found in the western Mediterranean in [[Portugal]], [[Spain]], | + | Found in the western Mediterranean in [[Portugal]], [[Spain]], extreme southernmost [[France]], [[Corsica]], [[Sardinia]], [[Sicily]] and northwest [[Africa]] ([[Morocco]], [[Algeria]] and [[Tunisia]]). Vagrants have been recorded as far north as [[Denmark]].<br /> |
Common to abundant in its range. | Common to abundant in its range. | ||
==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
This is a [[Dictionary_M-O#M|monotypic]] species<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>.<br /> | This is a [[Dictionary_M-O#M|monotypic]] species<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>.<br /> | ||
| − | Has been treated as conspecific with [[Common Starling]], hybrids | + | Has been treated as conspecific with [[Common Starling]], and [[Dictionary_G-L#H|hybrids]] are common where the two species overlap in northeast Spain. |
[[Image:Spotless Starling 7213.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Winter plumage<br />Photo by the late '''[http://www.birdforum.net/gallery/showgallery.php?cat=500&ppuser=35827 Jim Wood]'''<br />Doñana, [[Spain]], 2009]] | [[Image:Spotless Starling 7213.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Winter plumage<br />Photo by the late '''[http://www.birdforum.net/gallery/showgallery.php?cat=500&ppuser=35827 Jim Wood]'''<br />Doñana, [[Spain]], 2009]] | ||
==Habitat== | ==Habitat== | ||
| − | Open grassy areas and areas of human habitation from towns to farm buildings. | + | Open grassy areas and areas of human habitation from towns to farm buildings. In overlap zone with Common Starling, prefers warmer, drier, more open, lowland areas. |
==Behaviour== | ==Behaviour== | ||
====Diet==== | ====Diet==== | ||
Revision as of 08:31, 7 May 2017
- Sturnus unicolor
Alternative name: Mediterranean Starling
Identification
22cm. A medium-sized starling
- Unspotted 'oily'-looking black plumage in spring and summer with uniformly purple gloss
- Some tiny pale spots on flanks and mantle in winter and in females
- Greatly elongated feathers of crown, nape, throat and upper breast
- Short-looking bill, yellow with bluish-black base in summer, blackish outside breeding season
- Pink or reddish-pink legs, duller outside breeding season
- Juveniles are dull brown; distinctly darker than juvenile Common Starlings
Similar species
Common Starling can be almost devoid of spots, but there is still a structural difference, particularly in the throat feathers (long and slender in Spotless, short in Common). Spotless Starlings are always blacker than Common Starlings.
Distribution
Found in the western Mediterranean in Portugal, Spain, extreme southernmost France, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and northwest Africa (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia). Vagrants have been recorded as far north as Denmark.
Common to abundant in its range.
Taxonomy
This is a monotypic species[1].
Has been treated as conspecific with Common Starling, and hybrids are common where the two species overlap in northeast Spain.
Habitat
Open grassy areas and areas of human habitation from towns to farm buildings. In overlap zone with Common Starling, prefers warmer, drier, more open, lowland areas.
Behaviour
Diet
Omnivorous, feeds on invertebrates, fruits, seeds and scraps.
Forms large feeding flocks.
Breeding
Breeding season from March to July, breeds often twice a year. A colonial nester. They nest in holes in buildings or trees and cliff crevices. Nesting also recorded in old holes of European Bee-eater or Sand Martin. The clutch averages 4 eggs.
References
- Clements, JF. 2009. The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World. 6th ed., with updates to December 2009. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0801445019.
- Del Hoyo, J, A Elliott, and D Christie, eds. 2009. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 14: Bush-shrikes to Old World Sparrows. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-8496553507
Recommended Citation
- BirdForum Opus contributors. (2024) Spotless Starling. In: BirdForum, the forum for wild birds and birding. Retrieved 25 April 2024 from https://www.birdforum.net/opus/Spotless_Starling
