From Opus

Alternative names: Sulawesi Tarictic Hornbill; Celebes Hornbill; Sulawesi Dwarf-Hornbill; Temminck's Hornbill

Male ssp sanfordi
Photo by martinuk
Karaenta, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia, October, 2009

Penelopides exarhatus

[edit] Identification

53cm. A small, black Hornbill.

• Black plumage with green gloss on back
• Male with white facial and throat plumage, stained yellow
• Bill pale yellow, black base at lower mandible, sanfordi with pale creamy yellow ridges across lower mandible
• Female smaller, all black plumage and blacker bill and casque

Juveniles with smaller bill, undeveloped casque

[edit] Distribution

Endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Locally common, however loss of lowland forest has fragmented its range.

[edit] Taxonomy

There are two subspecies of the Sulawesi Hornbill:

• P. e. exarhatus in north Sulawesi
• P. e. sanfordi in central, east and south Sulawesi, Buton and Muna Island

Has been treated conspecific with the other species of the genus Penelopides.

[edit] Habitat

Tropical lowland, swamps and primary forests.
Mostly below 650m, sometimes up to 1100m.

[edit] Behaviour

The diet includes fruits, figs and insects.
Breeding start from March to April, breeds in pairs, sometimes co-operative in small groups. The female seals herself inside a tree hole for egg-laying. During this time, the male will provide food for the female and the young. Lays 2-3 eggs.
A sedentary and territorial species.

[edit] References

1. Del Hoyo, J, A Elliot, and J Sargatal, eds. 2001. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 6: Mousebirds to Hornbills. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-8487334306
2. Clements, JF. 2011. The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World. 6th ed., with updates to August 2011. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0801445019. Spreadsheet available at http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/downloadable-clements-checklist

• List of references

[edit] External Links

• View more images of this species on Orientalbirdimages