From Opus

Male on left, female on right
Photo by Jamfaraco
SC, Brazil.

Euphonia violacea

[edit] Identification

11.4 cm. Glossy blue-black upperparts, deep golden yellow forehead and underparts. The female and immature are olive green above and greenish yellow below.

[edit] Distribution

Trinidad, Tobago, eastern Venezuela, Paraguay, northeastern Argentina, northern Brazil, and the Guianas.

[edit] Taxonomy

[edit] Subspecies^[1]

• E. v. rodwayi:

• Tropical eastern Venezuela (Sucre to northern Amazonas); winters to Trinidad

• E. v. violacea:

• Tropical Guianas and northern Brazil

• E. v. auranticollis:

• Eastern Paraguay to south-eastern Brazil and north-eastern Argentina (Misiones)

[edit] Habitat

Forests, second growth and plantations of cocoa and citrus fruit.

[edit] Behaviour

[edit] Breeding

They build a ball shaped nest on a bank, tree stump or cavity. The 3-4 red-blotched white eggs are incubated by the female.

[edit] Diet

The diet includes small fruit and they only rarely take insects.

[edit] References

1. Clements, JF. 2008. The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World. 6th ed., with updates to December 2008. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0801445019. Spreadsheet available at http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist.

• List of references

[edit] External Links