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| - | [[Image:White-throated_Dipper.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo by Nigel Blake]] | + | '''Alternative name: Black-bellied Dipper''' |
| | + | [[Image:White-throated_Dipper.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo by {{user|Nigelblake|Nigel Blake}}]] |
| | ;[[:Category:Cinclus|Cinclus]] cinclus | | ;[[:Category:Cinclus|Cinclus]] cinclus |
| - | | |
| | ==Identification== | | ==Identification== |
| - | 18cm. Dark above, brown head, back slate-grey mottled with black, brown wings and tail, white throat and upper breast are white, followed by a band of warm chestnut merging into black on the belly and flanks, black bill, brown legs and eyes. | + | 17-20 cm |
| | + | *Dark above |
| | + | *White throat and bib |
| | + | *Chestnut band below bib |
| | + | *Remainder of underparts are dark brown |
| | + | *Black bill |
| | + | *Brownish legs |
| | + | *Black eye has a [[Dictionary_M-S#N|nictating membrane]] |
| | | | |
| | + | Differences in plumage between the subspecies is annoted in the Taxonomy section<sup>[[#Taxonomy|[1]]]</sup>. |
| | + | [[Image:Dipper45.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Photo by {{user|ivan+ellison|ivan ellison}}<br />River Irwell, Summerseat, [[Lancashire]], October 2009]] |
| | ==Distribution== | | ==Distribution== |
| - | Fairly common in suitable habitats in a widespread but discontinuous range. Breeds in [[Ireland]] and north and west [[Britain]], [[Spain]] and north [[Portugal]] and from southern and eastern [[France]] and [[Italy]] to the [[Balkans]] and [[Greece]]. In the north found in central [[Denmark]] and throughout [[Norway]] and [[Sweden]], north [[Finland]] and the southern half of the Kola Peninsula. Isolated pockets in south Finland and the Baltic States, in parts of north [[Russia]] and in the [[Urals]]. In the south breeds in the Caucasus and much of [[Turkey]], in the [[Lebanon]] and in [[Morocco]] and north [[Algeria]] and in the Mediterranean on [[Corsica]], possibly [[Sardinia]], and [[Sicily]], formerly also [[Cyprus]]. Has bred in the [[Netherlands]]. | + | Fairly common in suitable habitats in a widespread but discontinuous range. Breeds in [[Ireland]] and north and west [[Britain]], [[Spain]] and north [[Portugal]] and from southern and eastern [[France]] and [[Italy]] to the [[Balkans]] and [[Greece]]. In the north found in central [[Denmark]] and throughout [[Norway]] and [[Sweden]], north [[Finland]] and the southern half of the Kola Peninsula. Isolated pockets in south Finland and the [[Baltic States]], in parts of north [[Russia]] and in the [[Urals]]. In the south breeds in the Caucasus and much of [[Turkey]], in the [[Lebanon]] and in [[Morocco]] and north [[Algeria]] and in the Mediterranean on [[Corsica]], possibly [[Sardinia]], and [[Sicily]], formerly also [[Cyprus]]. Has bred in the [[Netherlands]]. |
| | | | |
| | Most populations are basically resident but many make short-distance dispersal movements in autumn usually to lower altitudes. In the far north where waters become frozen makes longer movements and partially migratory leaving breeding areas in October-November and returning in March. | | Most populations are basically resident but many make short-distance dispersal movements in autumn usually to lower altitudes. In the far north where waters become frozen makes longer movements and partially migratory leaving breeding areas in October-November and returning in March. |
| | | | |
| | Vagrants have been recorded on [[Svalbard]] and the [[Faroes]] and [[Malta]] and in [[Tunisia]] and [[Iraq]] (may breed). | | Vagrants have been recorded on [[Svalbard]] and the [[Faroes]] and [[Malta]] and in [[Tunisia]] and [[Iraq]] (may breed). |
| - | | |
| | ==Taxonomy== | | ==Taxonomy== |
| | ===Subspecies=== | | ===Subspecies=== |
| - | About 10 races have been recorded in the Western Palearctic, one of which, ''olympicus'', the [[Cyprus]] Dipper has been extinct since the 1940s. | + | About 10 races have been recorded in the [[Western Palearctic]], one of which, ''olympicus'', the [[Cyprus]] Dipper has been extinct since the 1940s. |
| | | | |
| - | The nominate race ''cinclus'' is found in [[Scandinavia]] and north [[Russia]], [[France]] and northern [[Iberia]], and [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] and has dark brown head and neck and blackish belly. Occurs as a rare vagrant to [[Britain]]. | + | The nominate race ''cinclus'' is found in [[Scandinavia]] and north [[Russia]], [[France]] and northern [[Iberia]], and [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] and has dark brown head and neck and blackish belly. It occurs as a rare vagrant to [[Britain]]. |
| | | | |
| - | Ural Mts race ''uralensis'' is similar but paler with belly tinged chestnut. | + | Ural Mountains race ''uralensis'' is similar but paler with belly tinged chestnut. |
| | | | |
| | [[Britain|British]] race ''gularis'' has strongly chestnut belly but ''hibernicus'' from [[Ireland]], [[Outer Hebrides]] and western [[Scotland]] is darker brown and chestnut of belly darker and less extensive. | | [[Britain|British]] race ''gularis'' has strongly chestnut belly but ''hibernicus'' from [[Ireland]], [[Outer Hebrides]] and western [[Scotland]] is darker brown and chestnut of belly darker and less extensive. |
| | | | |
| - | ''C.c.aquaticus'' from central and southern [[Europe]] including [[Sicily]] is pale above, especially on head and neck, and brighter chestnut on the belly and [[North Africa|North African]] ''minor'' is very similar but with fractionally longer bill. | + | ''C.c.aquaticus'' from central and southern [[Europe]] including [[Sicily]] is pale above, especially on head and neck, and brighter chestnut on the belly |
| | | | |
| - | [[Caucasus|Caucasian]] and [[Turkey|Turkish]] race'' caucasicus'' is dull and greyish above and dull brown below, barely tinged chestnut. | + | [[Africa|North African]] ''minor'' is very similar but with fractionally longer bill. |
| | | | |
| - | ''C.c.persicus'' is found mainly outside the Western Palearctic in [[Iran]] but may occur in Azerbaijan and eastern [[Turkey]]. This is the largest and palest race, ''rufiventris'' from [[Lebanon]] is similar but smaller. | + | [[Caucasus|Caucasian]] and [[Turkey|Turkish]] race ''caucasicus'' is dull and greyish above and dull brown below, barely tinged chestnut. |
| | | | |
| | + | ''C.c.persicus'' is found mainly outside the [[Western Palearctic]] in [[Iran]] but may occur in Azerbaijan and eastern [[Turkey]]. This is the largest and palest race, ''rufiventris'' from [[Lebanon]] is similar but smaller. |
| | + | |
| | + | Three additional subspecies are recognised by Clements<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup> |
| | + | *''C. c. leucogaster'': |
| | + | :*Mountains of central [[Asia]] |
| | + | *''C. c. cashmeriensis'': |
| | + | :*[[Himalayas]] (western Kashmir to Sikkim) |
| | + | *''C. c.s przewalskii'': |
| | + | :*Mountains of southern [[Tibet]] and western [[China]] |
| | ==Habitat== | | ==Habitat== |
| | Found along fast-flowing streams and rivers in upland areas, nesting in rocky banks or behind waterfalls, on bridges and walls. In winter often moves to lower altitudes where seen at weirs, sometimes in slower moving parts of streams and on lakeshores. | | Found along fast-flowing streams and rivers in upland areas, nesting in rocky banks or behind waterfalls, on bridges and walls. In winter often moves to lower altitudes where seen at weirs, sometimes in slower moving parts of streams and on lakeshores. |
| | ==Behaviour== | | ==Behaviour== |
| | + | ====Movement==== |
| | + | Fast direct flight low over the water. Walks and swims underwater. Perches on low rocks in a river, constantly bobbing. |
| | + | ====Diet==== |
| | The diet includes aquatic invertebrates, caddis worms, aquatic insect larvae, beetles, molluscs, and also small fish. | | The diet includes aquatic invertebrates, caddis worms, aquatic insect larvae, beetles, molluscs, and also small fish. |
| - | | + | ====Breeding==== |
| - | It builds a large, globular or oval nest of moss, dead grass and leaves, by water, built into a crack or hollow in the rock, in masonry, or on the supports of a bridge, or, more rarely, in an overhanging branch. Hidden beneath a lip of the ball, is the entrance to the real nest within, a cup of grass or sedge, lined with leaves of oak, beech or other trees. 3-6 white eggs are laid starting between March and May. One or two broods are reared, usually in the same nest. | + | The domed nest is built from moss, straw and other vegetable matter, often placed on a ledge under a bridge, or any suitable crevice. The breeding season starts in March and three to six white eggs are laid. There may be a second brood. |
| - | | + | |
| | ====Vocalisation==== | | ====Vocalisation==== |
| | <flashmp3>Cinclus cinclus (song).mp3</flashmp3><br /> | | <flashmp3>Cinclus cinclus (song).mp3</flashmp3><br /> |
| | ''[[Media:Cinclus cinclus (song).mp3|Listen in an external program]]'' | | ''[[Media:Cinclus cinclus (song).mp3|Listen in an external program]]'' |
| | + | ==References== |
| | + | #{{Ref-Clements6thDec08}}#Absolute Astronomy |
| | + | #Collins Bird Guide ISBN 0 00 219728 6 |
| | + | {{ref}} |
| | ==External Links== | | ==External Links== |
| - | {{GSearch|Cinclus+cinclus}} | + | {{GSearch|Cinclus_cinclus}} |
| | + | <br /> |
| | + | {{Video|White_throated_Dipper}} |
| | + | |
| | [[Category:Birds]] [[Category:Cinclus]] [[Category:Bird Songs]] | | [[Category:Birds]] [[Category:Cinclus]] [[Category:Bird Songs]] |
Fairly common in suitable habitats in a widespread but discontinuous range. Breeds in Ireland and north and west Britain, Spain and north Portugal and from southern and eastern France and Italy to the Balkans and Greece. In the north found in central Denmark and throughout Norway and Sweden, north Finland and the southern half of the Kola Peninsula. Isolated pockets in south Finland and the Baltic States, in parts of north Russia and in the Urals. In the south breeds in the Caucasus and much of Turkey, in the Lebanon and in Morocco and north Algeria and in the Mediterranean on Corsica, possibly Sardinia, and Sicily, formerly also Cyprus. Has bred in the Netherlands.
Most populations are basically resident but many make short-distance dispersal movements in autumn usually to lower altitudes. In the far north where waters become frozen makes longer movements and partially migratory leaving breeding areas in October-November and returning in March.
Found along fast-flowing streams and rivers in upland areas, nesting in rocky banks or behind waterfalls, on bridges and walls. In winter often moves to lower altitudes where seen at weirs, sometimes in slower moving parts of streams and on lakeshores.
Fast direct flight low over the water. Walks and swims underwater. Perches on low rocks in a river, constantly bobbing.
The diet includes aquatic invertebrates, caddis worms, aquatic insect larvae, beetles, molluscs, and also small fish.
The domed nest is built from moss, straw and other vegetable matter, often placed on a ledge under a bridge, or any suitable crevice. The breeding season starts in March and three to six white eggs are laid. There may be a second brood.
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