well from what 10d and 50-500 owners say on dpreview, the 10d with the sigma 50-500 will AF at 6.3 and at any fstop so long as you aren't using a tele converter.
Did you mean "any focal length"? Because as written, I agree with your statement. But that isn't what I am talking about. What I am saying is this:
"the 50-500 won't AF at 500mm. The maximum aperture isn't large enough, it is f6.3. The 10D won't AF with a maximum aperture larger than f5.6"
The camera aways focus at the max fstop, just as when you look through the eye piece you are looking at the max aperture. I believe this is what a DOF preview button does... it stops down the lens to the same fstop as what you're going to shoot at so you can see what you will get (I wonder if it takes into account exposure comp? I assume it does, but I've never checked.)
So even if I stop down the 100-400 @400mm to f10 (as in your example) the AF system is still working at F5.6. Then it stops down just before the picture is taken and uses f10. That is what shocks me. The max aperture at 500 is f6.3, so it breaks the "f5.6 or bigger" rule for AF on the 10D.
As far as I know the only way this could work is as follows. The lens lies. It doesn't report f6.3 at 500. It tells the camera f5.6 or something larger. Then the camera will try to AF. It won't work very well (it doesn't have enough light to detect contrast) but it will try.
This is the same as the trick with taping the pins on the 1.4xTC. If you cover the 3 counter clockwise pins on the TC, the TC will not report its presents to the camera and so it will think its got a 100-400 without the TC, so it will try to AF. It huts a lot, and will oscillate back and forth, slowly getting close to being in focus... but it does work (I don't use that trick any more, it isn't worth it. I can manually focus on things like plovers faster than the tricked AF can.)
Does this make what I was trying to say clearer?
Eric