Richard Klim
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Levy, Clucas, Rogers, Leaché, Ciborowski, Polito, Lynch, Dunn & Hart (in press). Population structure and phylogeography of the Gentoo Penguin (Pygoscelis papua) across the Scotia Arc. Ecol Evol. [abstract] [pdf]
Martínez et al 2014 (HBW Alive)...Although currently classified as subspecies, the strong genetic differences in both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA of Northern and Southern Gentoo penguins may be indicative of incipient speciation similar to that of Rockhoppers. ... Further investigation of temporal, behavioral, and spatial barriers to breeding, as well as measures of adaptation to local environments, would be needed to delve into further taxonomic elucidation of the two Gentoo groups.
Race ellsworthi is like nominate, but smaller in size and with shorter bill.
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