Cluster
You mention O-rings but not bicycle inner tubes.
Bicycle inner tubes are another good resource for
'adapting' binoculars.
Some non-cyclists attracted by the header of your most
useful post may find a little 'cycle' information
helpful.
My former bicycle shop would automatically throw away
the inner tube after a puncture repair. Part of the
reason for not handing the tube back to the customer was
no doubt the danger of legal liability. But the inner
tubes were often easily repairable, and the sale of new
inner tubes is good business for bicycle shops.
I used therefore to explain that I wanted the inner tube
to cut off sections to adapt a binocular, and carefully
beg particularly only for CUT inner tubes.
[Sometimes a shop deliberately cuts old inner tubes
before putting them in the gash bin in order to
frustrate 'skip pickers'; but not always ... .]
My memory is that for adapting a binocular eyecup, the
inner tube for 26 x 1.9 mountain bike tyres spans a
useful diameter when stretched a little to fit.
For adapting the barrel of an extendable eyecup, an
inner tube for a lesser section tyre may afford the
necessary span.
[This is a work in progress for me too. I've got the
adjustable eyecups to stay extended for a reasonable
time, but need to do the job properly. I may yet adopt
your method!]
The section of a 26 x 1.9 mountain bike tyre is given by
the second figure, namely 1.9 inches.
The section of a 700 x 32 road bike tyre is given the
same way, except that it is expressed in millimetres, ie
32mm (1.26 inches).
Without looking, I think it is common practice to mark
the inner tube itself, and not just the box it is sold
in, with the dimensions of the tyre that it is intended
for.
Inner tubes also vary as to the thickness of their
rubber. For my mountain bike, the inner tubes feature
much thicker rubber than the inner tubes of my road bike
(Good doubled back for making eyecups extend out more).
The inner surface of inner tubes is dusted with a chalk
like powder. It make obvious good sense to wipe it off
thoroughly before fitting a section of tube to an
optical instrument like binoculars.
I have never had to learn how the dimensions of inner
tubes themselves, as apart from the tyres they are
instended to fit, are expressed.
As for the dimension of tyres, a useful reference is;
http://www.ctc.org.uk/cyclists-library/components/wheels-tyres/tyre-sizes
But in practice I don't use the reference; rather I
maintain a selection of cut inner tubes, and select one
by eye to cut from that I think will do the job.
Stephen