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Owls 2 (König & Weick) (1 Viewer)

Richard Klim

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Ref. König, C. & Weick, F. 2008. Owls of the World. Second Edition. Christopher Helm, London.

Taxonomic changes at species level and above (wrt the first edition, 1999) are summarised below.

Generic reassignments:
  • Otus flammeolus – to Philoscops
  • Otus (all other New World sp) – to Megascops
  • Nyctea scandiaca – to Bubo scandiacus
  • Scotopelia – to Bubo
  • Glaucidium radiatum – to Taenioglaux radiata
  • Glaucidium castanonotum – to Taenioglaux castanonota
  • Glaucidium cuculoides – to Taenioglaux
  • Glaucidium castanopterum – to Taenioglaux castanoptera
  • Glaucidium sjostedti – to Taenioglaux sjoestedti (sic)
  • Glaucidium capense – to Taenioglaux
  • Glaucidium castaneum – to Taenioglaux castanea
  • Glaucidium albertinum – to Taenioglaux albertina
Splits:
  1. Tyto furcata – ‘American Barn Owl’ – from T alba – (includes pratincola, tuidara, hellmayri, contempta)
  2. Tyto bargei – ‘Curaçao Barn Owl’ – from T alba
  3. Tyto insularis – ‘Lesser Antilles Barn Owl’ – from T alba – (includes nigrescens)
  4. Tyto punctatissima – ‘Galápagos Barn Owl’ – from T alba
  5. Tyto detorta – ‘Cape Verde Barn Owl’ – from T alba
  6. Tyto thomensis – ‘São Tomé Barn Owl’ – from T alba
  7. Tyto delicatula – ‘Australian Barn Owl’ – from T alba – (includes meeki, sumbaensis, interposita)
  8. Tyto crassirostris – ‘Boang Barn Owl’ – from T alba
  9. Phodilus assimilis – ‘Sri Lanka Bay Owl’ – from P badius
  10. Otus stresemanni – ‘Stresemann’s Scops Owl’ – from O spilocephalus
  11. Otus madagascariensis – ‘Torotoroka Scops Owl’ – from O rutilus
  12. Otus mayottensis – ‘Mayotte Scops Owl’ – from O rutilus
  13. Otus pamelae – ‘Arabian Scops Owl’ – from O senegalensis
  14. Otus socotranus – ‘Socotra Scops Owl’ – from O brucei
  15. Otus tempestatis – ‘Wetar Scops Owl’ – from O magicus
  16. Otus sulaensis – ‘Sula Scops Owl’ – from O magicus
  17. Otus kalidupae – ‘Kalidupa Scops Owl’ – from O manadensis
  18. Otus siaoensis – ‘Siau Scops Owl’ – from O manadensis
  19. Otus cnephaeus – ‘Singapore Scops Owl’ – from O lempiji
  20. Megascops pacificus – ‘Tumbes Screech Owl’ – from M roboratus
  21. Bubo vosseleri – ‘Usambara Eagle Owl’ – from B poensis
  22. Strix niasensis – ‘Nias Wood Owl’ – from S leptogrammica
  23. Strix nivicola – ‘Himalayan Wood Owl’ – from S aluco – (includes ma, yamadae)
  24. Strix squamulata – ‘Mexican Wood Owl’ – from S virgata – (includes tamaulipensis, centralis)
  25. Glaucidium cobanense – ‘Guatemalan Pygmy Owl’ – from G gnoma
  26. Glaucidium costaricanum – ‘Costa Rican Pygmy Owl’ – from G gnoma
  27. Taenioglaux etchecopari – ‘Etchécopar’s Owlet’ – from T capense
  28. Athene lilith – ‘Lilith Owlet’ – from A noctua
  29. Athene spilogastra – ‘Ethiopian Little Owl’ – from A noctua – (includes somaliensis)
  30. Ninox lurida – ‘Red Boobook’ – from N boobook
  31. Ninox leucopsis – ‘Tasmanian Boobook’ – from N boobook
  32. Asio galapagoensis – ‘Galápagos Short-eared Owl’ – from A flammeus
Newly described:
  1. Otus thilohoffmanni – ‘Serendib Scops Owl’ – Warakagoda & Rasmussen 2004
  2. Glaucidium sicki – ‘Sick’s Pygmy Owl’ – König & Weick 2005
  3. Ninox sumbaensis – ‘Little Sumba Hawk Owl’ – Olsen, Wink, Sauer-Gürth & Trost 2002
  4. Ninox burhani – ‘Togian Hawk Owl’ – Indrawan & Somadikarta 2004
  5. Ninox ios – ‘Cinnabar Hawk Owl’ – Rasmussen 1999
Richard
 
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I am surprised that the Galapagos Short-eared Owl was split, but not the Hawaiian or Caribbean subspecies.

Am I correct to assume that Tyto alba is now restricted to the Palearctic? Also is this just based on molecular, or is there other data for the Tyto split? Morphometric? Behavioral? Ecological?
 
A few more snippets...

Potential splits identified:
  1. Tyto (furcata) contempta – ‘Colombian Barn Owl’
  2. Otus (sunia) malayanus
  3. Otus (sunia) rufipennis
  4. Otus (sunia) leggei
  5. Otus (lettia) erythrocampe
  6. Megascops (choliba) duidae
  7. Bubo (bubo) interpositus
  8. Bubo (africanus) milesi
  9. Strix (occidentalis) lucida – ‘Mountain Forest Owl’
  10. Lophostrix (cristata) stricklandi
  11. Glaucidium (brasilianum) ucayalae
  12. Athene (noctua) plumipes
  13. Ninox (scutulata) japonica – ‘Northern Boobook’ – (including florensis)
  14. Ninox (scutulata) totogo
  15. Ninox (scutulata) randi – ‘Chocolate Boobook’
  16. Ninox (philippensis) spilonota
  17. Ninox (philippensis) spilocephala
‘Recent discoveries’:
  • Megascops sp – ‘Santa Marta Screech Owl’ – Niels Krabbe, Colombia 2007
  • Ninox dubiosa’ – skin of unknown owl, Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt
Miscellaneous:

O semitorques still includes ssp ussuriensis (as per IOC, contra HBW & Clements which include ussuriensis within O lettia). König & Weick also remark: “The entire (bakkamoena) group urgently needs revision to determine to which species the various taxa hitherto described should be attributed as subspecies. After considering the morphology and zoogeography of the taxon plumipes, we recognise it as a subspecies of O. lettia and not of O. bakkamoena.”

Richard
 
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A few more snippets...

Potential splits identified:
  1. Tyto (furcata) contempta – ‘Columbian Barn Owl’
  2. Otus (sunia) malayanus
  3. Otus (sunia) rufipennis
  4. Otus (sunia) leggei
  5. Otus (lettia) erythrocampe
  6. Megascops (choliba) duidae
  7. Bubo (bubo) interpositus
  8. Bubo (africanus) milesi
  9. Strix (occidentalis) lucida – ‘Mountain Forest Owl’
  10. Lophostrix (cristata) stricklandi
  11. Glaucidium (brasilianum) ucayalae
  12. Athene (noctua) plumipes
  13. Ninox (scutulata) japonica – ‘Northern Boobook’
  14. Ninox (scutulata) randi – ‘Chocolate Boobook’
  15. Ninox (philippensis) spilonota
  16. Ninox (philippensis) spilocephala
‘Recent discoveries’:
  • Megascops sp – ‘Santa Marta Screech Owl’ – Niels Krabbe, Columbia 2007
  • Ninox dubiosa’ – skin of unknown owl, Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt


Richard

Very interesting, thanks for posting this! :D

Does the authors say anything about potential splits within the Philippine Scops-Owl or about the mindorensis ssp of Philippine Hawk-Owl?
 
Am I correct to assume that Tyto alba is now restricted to the Palearctic? Also is this just based on molecular, or is there other data for the Tyto split? Morphometric? Behavioral? Ecological?

König & Weick state: "Mainly on the basis of DNA evidence, we distinguish in particular three groups of barn owls, each with several races, all of which hitherto have been considered as subspecies of Tyto alba. These three groups are given specific rank: the Common Barn Owl Tyto alba (Europe, Africa, Madagascar, Asia south to India and Malaysia), the American Barn Owl Tyto furcata (North, Central and South America), and the Australian Barn Owl Tyto deliculata (Australia, New Zealand and Polynesia). There are further taxa of more or less isolated distribution, which are given specific rank,..."

The IOC World Bird List includes the potential split of T alba into Western Barn Owl T alba and Eastern Barn Owl T javanica (Southeast Asia & Australasia) following "Wink et al 2004, Christidis & Boles 2008".

Richard
 
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Does the authors say anything about potential splits within the Philippine Scops-Owl or about the mindorensis ssp of Philippine Hawk-Owl?

Otus megalotis Philippine Scops Owl: Potential splits are not explicitly identified under 'Geographical variation' (as per the other candidates that I listed), but the 'Remarks' section notes: "Recent DNA studies suggest that the taxa megalotis, everetti and nigrorum might even be separate species". (Perhaps there are other such examples hidden away in the small print...)

Ninox mindorensis 'Mindoro Hawk Owl' was already recognised in the 1st (and is maintained in the 2nd) edition.

Richard
 
I am surprised that the Galapagos Short-eared Owl was split, but not the Hawaiian or Caribbean subspecies.

König & Weick note: "The taxon sandwichensis on Hawaii, which is also isolated from continental landmasses and non-migratory, requires further study".

Also: "This species' taxonomy requires further study. Bioacoustical and molecular-biological studies will be a great help in determining the specific status of the isolated taxa."

Richard
 
[*]Athene lilith – ‘Lilith Owlet’ – from A noctua

Out of curiosity - on what is this split supposed to be based?
A recent genetic analysis by Wink (in Nieuwenhuyse et al. - http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pubwink/2008/thelittleowl.pdf) might be interpreted as suggesting that Athene noctua is more than one species - if you believe in the "2% cyt-b divergence = species" rule, that is. But it also shows lilith to be deeply embedded among other Little Owl subspecies (lilith is sister to indigena; these two are sister to glaux; these three are sister to plumipes; these four are sister to the group including nominate noctua), which - leaving spilogastra out of the equation for now - would seem to contradict a simple two-way split very strongly...
Incidentally, this analysis also reassigns Ninox superciliaris to Athene.
 
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Also is this just based on molecular, or is there other data for the Tyto split? Morphometric? Behavioral? Ecological?

I should add that the book includes an introductory paper (pp42-63) presenting ML bootstrap phylograms of genetic relationships:

Wink, Heidrich, Sauer-Gürth, Elsayed & Gonzalez. Molecular phylogeny & systematics of owls (strigiformes).

Richard
 
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Out of curiosity - on what is this split supposed to be based?
Laurent, re Athene lilith:

"REMARKS: Hitherto the taxon lilith has been recognised as a subspecies of Athene noctua. However, recent studies of DNA evidence from birds of SE Turkey show that it is specifically distinct from Little Owl. Moreover, the song of male lilith differs from A. noctua, and Lilith Owls (sic) locally occur sympatrically with races indigena, glaux and bactriana of Little Owl. All these observations support specific distinction. Specific studies on biology, vocalisations, ecology. etc. of Lilith Owlet, as distinct from Little Owl, are urgently needed."

Wink et al (p51): "Within A. noctua several distinct lineages become visible (similar to the situation in the American Glaucidium complex) that indicate a high degree of geographic differentiation. Apparently, Athene represents a species-complex, which can probably be split into several distinct species: so far we have detected three genetic lineages, which are supported by high bootstrap values; genetic differences between these groups account for 5-6% of nucleotide substitutions. A genetic distance of more than 2% is typical for 'good' species in owls. Little Owls from Israel, Cyprus and Turkey have been recognised as A. noctua lilith. On a genetic level, A. n. lilith is clearly separated from Little Owls of C & W Europe, representing the subspecies A. n. noctua and A. n. vidalii, but shares ancestry with A. n. indigena from SE Europe (Fig. 4B. ML bootstrap phylogram of the genetic relationships in the subfamily Surniinae based on cytochrome b alone (enlarged cytochrome b dataset)). Because of the significant genetic distances, it would be plausible to recognise A. lilith as a distinct species (König & Weick, this volume). Also A. noctua plumipes from Mongolia and China shows a distinct genetic lineage (Figs 1 & 4), indicating species status; we suggest recognising this taxon as A. plumipes."

The latter is clearly based on the same genetic analysis by Wink that you have referenced.

Richard
 
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In König et al. 1999 this taxon was said to be an exceptionally pale morph of O. s. vandewateri.

Why did they change their mind ? New vocalisations ?

Daniel, re Otus stresemanni:

"Often considered a pale rufous morph of Otus spilocephalus vanderwateri but several plumage features support recognition as full species. Intensive field studies in the field [?] are very urgent, before it becomes extinct."

Also: "The subspecies vanderwateri of Mountain Scops Owl is very similar, but darker greyish-brown on back and wing-coverts, with many darker vermiculations. Facial disc more distinctly rimmed darker."

Richard
 
A recent genetic analysis by Wink (in Nieuwenhuyse et al. - http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pubwink/2008/thelittleowl.pdf)...

Incidentally, this analysis also reassigns Ninox superciliaris to Athene.
Laurent,

Wink et al (p52): "Ninox superciliaris, which occurs on Madagascar, clusters clearly in the clade of Athene in the cytochrome b dataset. Also an association with Strix has been postulated (Weick 2006). Since only a single sequence was available, our result needs confirmation with further samples."

Richard
 
The latter is clearly based on the same genetic analysis by Wink that you have referenced.

Yes, it looks like the data are the same.

The problem with the assumption that a 2% cyt-b distance makes two 'good' species in owls is that, then, indeed, A. plumipes should be recognised too, but also A. indigena, A. glaux, A. vidalii, and possibly others. If so, too, the Burrowing Owl is clearly more than one species, Aegolius funereus is more than likely two species, Strix aluco is several species, etc...
In my view, the genetic distances between parts of an otherwise monophyletic species can only be one among several arguments in a split. In isolation it is rather useless, particularly when samples are small, the only gene studied is mitochondrial, and there are extensive contact zones that remain basically unstudied.

I'd love to see a global analysis of the geographical variation of the vocalisations of A. noctua, rather than simple claims that 'the song of male lilith differs', that are potentially based on comparisons with a geographically too limited sample. (See, e.g., the song of Phylloscopus nitidus - repeatedly said to differ [although slightly] from that of viridanus; then, in a global quantitative analysis, appeared slightly different from the song of the more northern populations of this taxon, but basically undifferentiated from that of the more southern populations [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01499.x]...) If, phylogenetically, lilith appears close to indigena, glaux and plumipes, comparing its song to that of nominate noctua would seem to be of very limited interest. The comparisons should at the very least be with closely related races - preferably indigena which appears closest; perhaps also with saharae (genetically unstudied, but is another pale taxon and is said to intergrade with lilith in Saudi Arabia). Have such comparisons ever been done?

Another thing I'd love to see is evidence that paler and darker birds act as distinct species where they coexist (retain their song peculiarities, etc...), and not simply as morphs of a single population. (Dark-breasted and pale-breasted Barn Owls also 'occur sympatrically' in some places. [Not exceptionally in the same nest... ;)] Roselaar (in BWP) suggested that A. noctua could be regarded as polymorphic in some parts of the Sahara, outside the range of lilith, where darker glaux-like and paler saharae-like birds appear to co-occur.)

Wink et al (p52): "Ninox superciliaris, which occurs on Madagascar, clusters clearly in the clade of Athene in the cytochrome b dataset. Also an association with Strix has been postulated (Weick 2006). Since only a single sequence was available, our result needs confirmation with further samples."

Seems rather reasonable, indeed.
 
I agree with I_raty: Some of these splits seem (without reading the book) a tad immature. There is no set genetic distance for recognizing species, since it would vary depending on the group you are working on, and IIRC, even on what gene sequence you use.
 
Thanks both of you; seems I just had problems using the search engine at Amazon to find it.

Niels
 
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