(→Taxonomy: Linked monotypic to dictionary) |
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[[Image:Iberian_Chiffchaff.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo by {{user|hopires|hopires}} <br />Tagus Estuary, [[Portugal]], September 2005]] | [[Image:Iberian_Chiffchaff.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo by {{user|hopires|hopires}} <br />Tagus Estuary, [[Portugal]], September 2005]] | ||
;[[:Category:Phylloscopus|Phylloscopus]] ibericus | ;[[:Category:Phylloscopus|Phylloscopus]] ibericus | ||
| + | Synonym [[:Category:Phylloscopus|Phylloscopus]] brehmii is used by some authorities. | ||
==Identification== | ==Identification== | ||
11–12 cm, 4.3-4.7 inches. 7–8·25 g, 0.24 -0.29 oz<br /> | 11–12 cm, 4.3-4.7 inches. 7–8·25 g, 0.24 -0.29 oz<br /> | ||
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==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
| − | |||
====Subspecies==== | ====Subspecies==== | ||
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==Habitat== | ==Habitat== | ||
Breeds mainly in hilly areas in Mediterranean scrub with Kermes Oak ''Quercus coccifera'' and Portugese Oak ''Q. faginea'' and in open forest of mixed oaks and Sweet Chestnut ''Castanea sativa'' with a healthy layer of ''Cistus'' scrub. Above the tree line, it is found in mixed scrub and open heath. Thought also to breed at lower levels in riverine woodland with willow. Winters also in Mediterranean coastal maquis, tamarisk stands, acacias and sparse woodland.<br /> | Breeds mainly in hilly areas in Mediterranean scrub with Kermes Oak ''Quercus coccifera'' and Portugese Oak ''Q. faginea'' and in open forest of mixed oaks and Sweet Chestnut ''Castanea sativa'' with a healthy layer of ''Cistus'' scrub. Above the tree line, it is found in mixed scrub and open heath. Thought also to breed at lower levels in riverine woodland with willow. Winters also in Mediterranean coastal maquis, tamarisk stands, acacias and sparse woodland.<br /> | ||
| − | In the Algarve breeding areas are found primarily inland, nearly always on shale substrate of the Serras and is practically absent on the more coastal limestone Barrocal, where oaks (except Kermes Oak ''Quercus coccifera'') are very localised. Iberian Chiffchaffs are a woodland bird, favouring areas with at least a small representation of Cork Oak ''Quercus suber'' and often in pure Cork Oak forest and woodland. It is particularly common along valley bottoms in these areas along woodland galleries consisting of Cork Oak, Willows (''Salix atrocinerea'', ''S. australis''), White Poplar ''Populus alba'' and sometimes Alder ''Alnus glutinosa''. These habitats often include other native trees/shrubs like ''Phyllrea angustifolia'', Strawberry-tree ''Arbutus unedo'', ''Viburnum tinus'' and others. Areas of Cork Oak with mixed Pines ''Pinus pinaster'', ''P.maritumus'' are freely used as are areas affected with Eucalyptus plantations, although on edges where Cork Oaks are nearby. Iberian Chiffchaff is much less liberal in it's choice of breeding habitat than Common Chiffchaff and is fact quite a habitat specialist. In the Algarve it doesn’t breed in gardens, town parks, tourist development gardens, golf courses or in coastal agricultural areas, orchards etc. In these areas it is found mainly on autumn passage (July) August-September (October) with spring migrants being much less numerous. Interestingly, a little north of the Algarve in the Baixo Alentejo it doesn’t seem to breed at all in the vast open Cork Oak and Holm Oak woodlands, which are rich in birdlife. In that region it occurs mainly and often commonly in the cooler Atlantic western woodlands with dense understory.<br /> | + | <br /> |
| + | In the Algarve breeding areas are found primarily inland, nearly always on shale substrate of the Serras and is practically absent on the more coastal limestone Barrocal, where oaks (except Kermes Oak ''Quercus coccifera'') are very localised. Iberian Chiffchaffs are a woodland bird, favouring areas with at least a small representation of Cork Oak ''Quercus suber'' and often in pure Cork Oak forest and woodland. It is particularly common along valley bottoms in these areas along woodland galleries consisting of Cork Oak, Willows (''Salix atrocinerea'', ''S. australis''), White Poplar ''Populus alba'' and sometimes Alder ''Alnus glutinosa''. <br /> | ||
| + | <br />These habitats often include other native trees/shrubs like ''Phyllrea angustifolia'', Strawberry-tree ''Arbutus unedo'', ''Viburnum tinus'' and others. Areas of Cork Oak with mixed Pines ''Pinus pinaster'', ''P.maritumus'' are freely used as are areas affected with Eucalyptus plantations, although on edges where Cork Oaks are nearby. Iberian Chiffchaff is much less liberal in it's choice of breeding habitat than Common Chiffchaff and is fact quite a habitat specialist. <br /><br />In the Algarve it doesn’t breed in gardens, town parks, tourist development gardens, golf courses or in coastal agricultural areas, orchards etc. In these areas it is found mainly on autumn passage (July) August-September (October) with spring migrants being much less numerous. Interestingly, a little north of the Algarve in the Baixo Alentejo it doesn’t seem to breed at all in the vast open Cork Oak and Holm Oak woodlands, which are rich in birdlife. In that region it occurs mainly and often commonly in the cooler Atlantic western woodlands with dense understory.<br /><br /> | ||
In the Alcornocales in the far south of Spain, they seem to like sheltered canutos and the surrounding open oak woodland. | In the Alcornocales in the far south of Spain, they seem to like sheltered canutos and the surrounding open oak woodland. | ||
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Laying from mid-April to the end of May. Lays 4–5 eggs, sometimes 6. | Laying from mid-April to the end of May. Lays 4–5 eggs, sometimes 6. | ||
Breeding behaviour probably very similar to [[Common Chiffchaff]] | Breeding behaviour probably very similar to [[Common Chiffchaff]] | ||
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| + | ====Movement==== | ||
| + | Migratory. Non-breeding range not fully known. Majority thought to migrate to tropical West Africa, where they have been recorded in winter in Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana. A passage migrant through Morocco from late February to mid-April. Member's records confirm movement in mid February in Morocco and Western Sahara and one near Marseille, France in mid-March.<br /><br /> Many are trapped on spring and autumn passages in Mauritania. More widely recorded in non-breeding season throughout northwest Africa (mainly Tunisia), but the exact number is uncertain due to confusion with wintering [[Common Chiffchaff]]. Uncertainty is caused by wintering Common Chiffchaff and a lack of winter specimens from the Iberian peninsula. Vagrant to Britain, Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden. | ||
====Vocalisation==== | ====Vocalisation==== | ||
| − | Contact call a whistled "piu" or "pew" with downward inflection, similar in tone to contact call of [[Eurasian Bullfinch]], in autumn has short, shrill "peep", "seep" or "weep", like that of subspecies ''abietinus'' and ''tristis'' of [[Common Chiffchaff]]. Song a hesitant repetition of rising and falling notes, slower than that of similar species Common Chiffchaff, "chi chi chi tchui tchui tchui tchu tchu tchu", with descending tones of triplets and usually given at an inreasingly faster pace. Breeding birds may give an additional dry "chep" or "jep" at the start. Some in the north of it's range (Pyrenees) give "mixed" songs incorporating segments of Common Chiffchaff song, but usually still closer to normal song for the species. High percentage of males react to songs of Common Chiffchaff (but not reciprocated) and [[Canary Islands Chiffchaff]]. Females largely ignore the song of the Common Chiffchaff, whereas females of latter species react strongly to songs of males of their Iberian cousins. | + | Contact call a whistled "piu" or "pew" with downward inflection, similar in tone to contact call of [[Eurasian Bullfinch]], in autumn has short, shrill "peep", "seep" or "weep", like that of subspecies ''abietinus'' and ''tristis'' of [[Common Chiffchaff]]. Song a hesitant repetition of rising and falling notes, slower than that of similar species Common Chiffchaff, "chi chi chi tchui tchui tchui tchu tchu tchu", with descending tones of triplets and usually given at an inreasingly faster pace. <br /><br />Breeding birds may give an additional dry "chep" or "jep" at the start. Some in the north of it's range (Pyrenees) give "mixed" songs incorporating segments of Common Chiffchaff song, but usually still closer to normal song for the species. High percentage of males react to songs of Common Chiffchaff (but not reciprocated) and [[Canary Islands Chiffchaff]]. Females largely ignore the song of the Common Chiffchaff, whereas females of latter species react strongly to songs of males of their Iberian cousins. |
<flashmp3>Iberienzilpzalp.mp3</flashmp3><br /> | <flashmp3>Iberienzilpzalp.mp3</flashmp3><br /> | ||
''[[Media:Iberienzilpzalp.mp3|Listen in an external program]]''<br /> | ''[[Media:Iberienzilpzalp.mp3|Listen in an external program]]''<br /> | ||
Recording by {{user|wintibird|wintibird}}, Switzerland, April 2010 | Recording by {{user|wintibird|wintibird}}, Switzerland, April 2010 | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 09:39, 21 November 2016
- Phylloscopus ibericus
Synonym Phylloscopus brehmii is used by some authorities.
Identification
11–12 cm, 4.3-4.7 inches. 7–8·25 g, 0.24 -0.29 oz
Adult
- Pale supercilium tinged yellowish-green with more lemon yellow over and in front of eye
- Narrow but quite distinctive pale eyering
- Contrasting dark eyestripe
- Green-brown cheek and ear-coverts
- Crown and upperparts yellowish olive-green, in fresh autumn plumage crown and mantle sometimes with brown hue
- Remiges and rectrices brown, fringed pale olive-green
- Whitish below
- Breast streaked with yellow
- Lemon yellow vent and sometimes paler undertail-coverts
- Underwing-coverts and axillaries lemon-yellow (usually protruding visibly at bend of closed wing)
- Iris dark brown
- Beak dark brown to black
- Legs dark brown to black
- Iberian Chiffchaffs may be almost impossible to separate on plumage alone from brighter Common Chiffchaffs
Juvenile
- Upperparts yellowish-brown
- Underparts yellow and slightly richer yellow than on juvenile Common Chiffchaff
- Juvenile Iberian Chiffchaffs cannot be safely separated from Common Chiffchaffs
- A thread discussing the ID of Iberian Chiffchaff [[1]]
Distribution
Found mainly in Spain and Portugal, with a small population in adjacent south-western France. Has bred once in Gwent, south Wales, in 2015 (Brit. Birds 109: 605, 2016); several other records of territorial summering males in Britain.
A small population occurs in the north of Morocco especially in the eastern Rif montains areas. Unfortunatly no scientific studies have been carried out to evaluate the status of the Moroccan population.
Taxonomy
Subspecies
Two subspecies recognised by Clements[1]; IOC treats it as monotypic[2]:
- P. i. biscayensis in northern Portugal, northern Spain and France
- P. i. ibericus in central and southern Portugal and south-western Spain
Has been considered conspecific with Common Chiffchaff in the past.
Habitat
Breeds mainly in hilly areas in Mediterranean scrub with Kermes Oak Quercus coccifera and Portugese Oak Q. faginea and in open forest of mixed oaks and Sweet Chestnut Castanea sativa with a healthy layer of Cistus scrub. Above the tree line, it is found in mixed scrub and open heath. Thought also to breed at lower levels in riverine woodland with willow. Winters also in Mediterranean coastal maquis, tamarisk stands, acacias and sparse woodland.
In the Algarve breeding areas are found primarily inland, nearly always on shale substrate of the Serras and is practically absent on the more coastal limestone Barrocal, where oaks (except Kermes Oak Quercus coccifera) are very localised. Iberian Chiffchaffs are a woodland bird, favouring areas with at least a small representation of Cork Oak Quercus suber and often in pure Cork Oak forest and woodland. It is particularly common along valley bottoms in these areas along woodland galleries consisting of Cork Oak, Willows (Salix atrocinerea, S. australis), White Poplar Populus alba and sometimes Alder Alnus glutinosa.
These habitats often include other native trees/shrubs like Phyllrea angustifolia, Strawberry-tree Arbutus unedo, Viburnum tinus and others. Areas of Cork Oak with mixed Pines Pinus pinaster, P.maritumus are freely used as are areas affected with Eucalyptus plantations, although on edges where Cork Oaks are nearby. Iberian Chiffchaff is much less liberal in it's choice of breeding habitat than Common Chiffchaff and is fact quite a habitat specialist.
In the Algarve it doesn’t breed in gardens, town parks, tourist development gardens, golf courses or in coastal agricultural areas, orchards etc. In these areas it is found mainly on autumn passage (July) August-September (October) with spring migrants being much less numerous. Interestingly, a little north of the Algarve in the Baixo Alentejo it doesn’t seem to breed at all in the vast open Cork Oak and Holm Oak woodlands, which are rich in birdlife. In that region it occurs mainly and often commonly in the cooler Atlantic western woodlands with dense understory.
In the Alcornocales in the far south of Spain, they seem to like sheltered canutos and the surrounding open oak woodland.
Behaviour
Diet
Little known. In Portugal, recorded as hovering while sipping nectar of Blue Gum Eucalyptus globulus flowers. Diet and foraging behaviour probably very similar to Common Chiffchaff.
Breeding
Laying from mid-April to the end of May. Lays 4–5 eggs, sometimes 6. Breeding behaviour probably very similar to Common Chiffchaff
Movement
Migratory. Non-breeding range not fully known. Majority thought to migrate to tropical West Africa, where they have been recorded in winter in Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana. A passage migrant through Morocco from late February to mid-April. Member's records confirm movement in mid February in Morocco and Western Sahara and one near Marseille, France in mid-March.
Many are trapped on spring and autumn passages in Mauritania. More widely recorded in non-breeding season throughout northwest Africa (mainly Tunisia), but the exact number is uncertain due to confusion with wintering Common Chiffchaff. Uncertainty is caused by wintering Common Chiffchaff and a lack of winter specimens from the Iberian peninsula. Vagrant to Britain, Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden.
Vocalisation
Contact call a whistled "piu" or "pew" with downward inflection, similar in tone to contact call of Eurasian Bullfinch, in autumn has short, shrill "peep", "seep" or "weep", like that of subspecies abietinus and tristis of Common Chiffchaff. Song a hesitant repetition of rising and falling notes, slower than that of similar species Common Chiffchaff, "chi chi chi tchui tchui tchui tchu tchu tchu", with descending tones of triplets and usually given at an inreasingly faster pace.
Breeding birds may give an additional dry "chep" or "jep" at the start. Some in the north of it's range (Pyrenees) give "mixed" songs incorporating segments of Common Chiffchaff song, but usually still closer to normal song for the species. High percentage of males react to songs of Common Chiffchaff (but not reciprocated) and Canary Islands Chiffchaff. Females largely ignore the song of the Common Chiffchaff, whereas females of latter species react strongly to songs of males of their Iberian cousins.
<flashmp3>Iberienzilpzalp.mp3</flashmp3>
Listen in an external program
Recording by wintibird, Switzerland, April 2010
References
- Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2016. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2016, with updates to August 2016. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- Gill, F and D Donsker (Eds). 2016. IOC World Bird Names (version 6.4). Available at http://www.worldbirdnames.org/.
- Avibase
- Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (retrieved November 2016)
- Birdforum member's personal contributions
Recommended Citation
- BirdForum Opus contributors. (2024) Iberian Chiffchaff. In: BirdForum, the forum for wild birds and birding. Retrieved 19 April 2024 from https://www.birdforum.net/opus/Iberian_Chiffchaff
