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==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
| − | Crossbill taxonomy is complex, and the validity of several of the taxa is disputed; several additional un-named taxa (particularly within ''L. c. curvirostra'', where seven different call type groups have been noted in western Europe alone<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>) have also been suggested on the basis of differing call types. [[Scottish Crossbill]] probably also belongs as a subspecies here, though currently usually treated as a distinct species. At the other extreme, it has been suggested that all of the taxa could be considered as separate species. Most of the taxa have strong associations with feeding on particular conifer species; the quip has been made - not without good justification - that "For North American crossbill ID, perhaps the best field guide is ''The Sibley Guide to Trees''"<sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup>. However, all will readily shift to other conifer species in the event of a crop failure in their preferred species, though their feeding efficiency will be lower when doing so (which may prevent successful breeding while 'surviving' on the 'wrong' conifer). | + | Crossbill taxonomy is complex, and the validity of several of the taxa is disputed; several additional un-named taxa (particularly within ''L. c. curvirostra'', where seven different call type groups have been noted in western Europe alone<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>) have also been suggested on the basis of differing call types. [[Scottish Crossbill]] probably also belongs as a subspecies here, though currently usually treated as a distinct species. At the other extreme, it has been suggested that all of the taxa could be considered as separate species. Most of the taxa have strong associations with feeding on particular conifer species; the quip has been made - not without good justification - that "For North American crossbill ID, perhaps the best field guide is ''The Sibley Guide to Trees''"<sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup>. However, all will readily shift to other conifer species in the event of a crop failure in their preferred species, though their feeding efficiency will be lower when doing so (which may prevent successful breeding while 'surviving' on the 'wrong' conifer). [[Cassia Crossbill]] was formerly included in this species. |
====Subspecies==== | ====Subspecies==== | ||
[[Image:Red_Crossbill.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Male, probably subspecies ''L. c. bendirei''<br />Photo by {{user|forcreeks|forcreeks}}.<br />Cabin Lake, central [[Oregon]], USA.]] | [[Image:Red_Crossbill.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Male, probably subspecies ''L. c. bendirei''<br />Photo by {{user|forcreeks|forcreeks}}.<br />Cabin Lake, central [[Oregon]], USA.]] | ||
| − | Twenty | + | Twenty subspecies are recognised<sup>[[#References|[4]]]</sup>; preferred food species noted where known: |
====Old World==== | ====Old World==== | ||
*''L. c. curvirostra'' - most of [[Europe]] and northern [[Asia]]; on ''Picea abies, Picea obovata'' and other ''Picea'' species | *''L. c. curvirostra'' - most of [[Europe]] and northern [[Asia]]; on ''Picea abies, Picea obovata'' and other ''Picea'' species | ||
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*''L. c. mesamericana'' - [[Central America]] ([[Guatemala]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Belize]]); on ''Pinus'' spp. | *''L. c. mesamericana'' - [[Central America]] ([[Guatemala]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Belize]]); on ''Pinus'' spp. | ||
*''L. c. pusilla'' - [[Newfoundland]]; on ''Picea mariana'' | *''L. c. pusilla'' - [[Newfoundland]]; on ''Picea mariana'' | ||
| − | |||
==Habitat== | ==Habitat== | ||
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#[http://www.birdforum.net/showpost.php?p=1737232&postcount=14 Post #14] in the Birdforum [http://www.birdforum.net/showthread.php?t=159111 Crossbill taxonomy] discussion thread | #[http://www.birdforum.net/showpost.php?p=1737232&postcount=14 Post #14] in the Birdforum [http://www.birdforum.net/showthread.php?t=159111 Crossbill taxonomy] discussion thread | ||
#Benkman et al. (2009). A new species of the Red Crossbill (Fringillidae: Loxia) from Idaho. ''Condor'' [http://web.archive.org/web/20121002064620/http://www.uwyo.edu/benkman/pdfs%20of%20papers/benkman_et_al_2009.pdf 111 (1): 169–17]. | #Benkman et al. (2009). A new species of the Red Crossbill (Fringillidae: Loxia) from Idaho. ''Condor'' [http://web.archive.org/web/20121002064620/http://www.uwyo.edu/benkman/pdfs%20of%20papers/benkman_et_al_2009.pdf 111 (1): 169–17]. | ||
| − | #{{Ref- | + | #{{Ref-Clements6thAug17}} |
{{ref}} | {{ref}} | ||
Revision as of 19:56, 28 September 2017
Alternative name: Common Crossbill
- Loxia curvirostra
Identification
Length 14-20 cm (5½-7¾ in), weight 23-53 g
Male
- Medium-sized finch
- Red-orange body
- Brighter red on rump
- Dark brown wings
- Dark bill with crossed tip
- Notched tail
Female
- Yellow-orange crown and rump
- Olive-green body
- Grey-brown wings and tail
Juvenile
- Streaked greyer-brown overall
Similar species
Parrot Crossbill, and particularly Scottish Crossbill, are very similar; q.v.
Distribution
Throughout most of the Northern Hemisphere, almost wherever substantial conifer forests occur.
In the Old World, more-or-less continuous from Scotland east to the Pacific coast of Russia, with more isolated populations south to northwest Africa, the Mediterranean islands, Turkey, the Himalaya, southern Vietnam, and Taiwan.
In North America, from southern Alaska, Manitoba, Quebec, and Newfoundland, south in the west to northern Nicaragua, and in eastern United States to Wisconsin and North Carolina (in mountains). Small numbers winter irregularly south to the Gulf coast.
Taxonomy
Crossbill taxonomy is complex, and the validity of several of the taxa is disputed; several additional un-named taxa (particularly within L. c. curvirostra, where seven different call type groups have been noted in western Europe alone[1]) have also been suggested on the basis of differing call types. Scottish Crossbill probably also belongs as a subspecies here, though currently usually treated as a distinct species. At the other extreme, it has been suggested that all of the taxa could be considered as separate species. Most of the taxa have strong associations with feeding on particular conifer species; the quip has been made - not without good justification - that "For North American crossbill ID, perhaps the best field guide is The Sibley Guide to Trees"[2]. However, all will readily shift to other conifer species in the event of a crop failure in their preferred species, though their feeding efficiency will be lower when doing so (which may prevent successful breeding while 'surviving' on the 'wrong' conifer). Cassia Crossbill was formerly included in this species.
Subspecies
Twenty subspecies are recognised[4]; preferred food species noted where known:
Old World
- L. c. curvirostra - most of Europe and northern Asia; on Picea abies, Picea obovata and other Picea species
- L. c. corsicana - Corsica; on Pinus nigra
- L. c. balearica - Balearic Islands; on Pinus halepensis
- L. c. poliogyna - north-west Africa; on Pinus halepensis
- L. c. guillemardi - Turkey, Cyprus, Caucasus; on Pinus brutia
- L. c. mariae - Crimea; on Pinus nigra
- L. c. altaiensis - Altai and Sayan Mountains of central Asia; on Picea schrenkiana
- L. c. tianschanica - Tien Shan Mountains of central Asia; on Picea schrenkiana
- L. c. himalayensis - Himalayas; on Tsuga dumosa and Picea spp.
- L. c. meridionalis - southern Vietnam; on Pinus kesiya
- L. c. japonica - Japan; on Picea spp.
- L. c. luzoniensis - Luzon, Philippines; on Pinus kesiya
New World
- L. c. minor - south-eastern Canada, north-eastern USA; on Tsuga canadensis
- L. c. sitkensis - coastal southern Alaska, south-western Canada, north-western USA; on Tsuga heterophylla
- L. c. bendirei (syn. L. c. neogaea) - south-western Canada, north-western USA; on Pseudotsuga menziesii
- L. c. benti - central Rocky Mountains, USA; on Pinus spp.
- L. c. grinnelli - south-western USA (California, Nevada); on Pinus spp.
- L. c. stricklandi - south-western USA (Arizona, New Mexico), Mexico; on Pinus spp.
- L. c. mesamericana - Central America (Guatemala, Nicaragua, Belize); on Pinus spp.
- L. c. pusilla - Newfoundland; on Picea mariana
Habitat
Coniferous forests, with a preference for spruce Picea in most areas, but pine Pinus in the case of several subspecies, particularly those to the south of the species' main range where spruces do not occur.
Behaviour
Diet
They primarily eat the seeds of conifers, extracted from the cones by twisting their bill tips between the scales; cones in the range 3-14 cm long are preferred. Other less important foods include insects and the buds and seeds of many shrubs and trees.
Vocalisation
<flashmp3>Loxia curvirostra (song).mp3</flashmp3>
Listen in an external program
References
- Robb, M. (2000). Introduction to vocalizations of crossbills in north-western Europe. Dutch Birding 22: 61-107.
- Post #14 in the Birdforum Crossbill taxonomy discussion thread
- Benkman et al. (2009). A new species of the Red Crossbill (Fringillidae: Loxia) from Idaho. Condor 111 (1): 169–17.
- Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2017. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2017, with updates to August 2017. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
Recommended Citation
- BirdForum Opus contributors. (2024) Red Crossbill. In: BirdForum, the forum for wild birds and birding. Retrieved 18 April 2024 from https://www.birdforum.net/opus/Red_Crossbill
External Links
