| Line 36: | Line 36: | ||
:*Distinct white [[Topography#Heads|supercilium]] connecting white [[Topography#Heads|lores]] and forehead. | :*Distinct white [[Topography#Heads|supercilium]] connecting white [[Topography#Heads|lores]] and forehead. | ||
*''L. c. aridicolus'': | *''L. c. aridicolus'': | ||
| − | :*Arid coastal north-western Namibia and south-western Angola | + | :*Arid coastal north-western [[Namibia]] and south-western [[Angola]] |
:*Paler and grayer upperparts with underparts purer silky white. | :*Paler and grayer upperparts with underparts purer silky white. | ||
Revision as of 16:06, 21 June 2018
- Lanius collaris
Includes Uhehe Fiscal
Identification
L. 22 cm (8.5")
Adult
- Male - A pied, heavy-bodied, heavy-billed bird with white wing-stripe extending to the scapulars. Underparts grayish. Bill black with hooked tip.
- Female - Similar to male but variably duller above and usually has some rufous on flanks.
Juvenile
Grayish brown with gray scaling below.
Similar Species
Northern Fiscal is similar but has cleaner white (less grayish) underparts and more white in its tail. Fiscals are conspicuous, often hunting from exposed perches. Black-backed Puffback and boubous are also black and white but are shy, skulking birds. Male Fiscal Flycatcher is shorter-tailed but lacks white scapular stripes and white outer rectrices.
Distribution
Sub-Saharan Africa: northeast and south-central Tanzania and northwest Namibia, southwest Angola to Zimbabwe south to Cape Province (South Africa).
Taxonomy
Formerly included in Common Fiscal together with Northern Fiscal.
Subspecies
This is a polytypic species with 5 subspecies divided into two groups[1]:
Uhehe Fiscal Group
- L. c. marwitzi:
- Highlands of north-eastern and south-central Tanzania
- Conspicuous white supercilium; gray rump.
Southern Fiscal Group
- L. c. collaris:
- Southern Namibia, South Africa to southern Transvaal, Natal and western Swaziland
- Blackish brown upperparts with gray gloss and black tail contrasting with white scapulars and white primary patch. Pale gray rump.
- L. c. pyrrhostictus:
- L. c. subcoronatus:
- Namibia to northern Cape Province, Botswana and western Zimbabwe
- Distinct white supercilium connecting white lores and forehead.
- L. c. aridicolus:
The subspecies marwitzi from Tanzania is sometimes considered a full species, Uhehe Fiscal.
Habitat
Found in woodland and open savanna, shrubland with scattered trees. Common around cities, gardens, parks and along roadsides.
Behaviour
Compared to the rest of the shrikes, the Southern Fiscal is quite unusual in that a pair will hold a territory throughout the year. Most of the true shrike species (genus Lanius) from the northern hemisphere are migratory, breeding in the northern hemisphere and spending the austral summer in the southern hemisphere.
Diet
The Southern Fiscal is raptorial and feeds on a wide range of invertebrates, notably insects and small vertebrates. Vertebrates comprise a very small portion of its diet and most of its prey are those considered pests to the farmer or gardener. Its main hunting method is sit-and-wait foraging and about three-quarters of its day is spent on the lookout for prey. It also hovers before pouncing and chases and flushes prey out of undergrowth. When flying insects are numerous, such as when winged termites emerge from the ground, the bird will hunt on the wing and in very windy conditions when flight becomes impossible, it will glean prey from foliage.
Breeding
Southern Fiscals breed mainly between the months of August and January, with most eggs being laid in September and October. They lay three or four pale, speckled eggs, which hatch about two and a half weeks after being laid, usually over a period of two days and often one or two eggs fail to hatch.
References
- Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2017. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2017, with updates to August 2017. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- Fuchs, J., Crowe, T.M. & Bowie, R.C.K. (2011) Phylogeography of the Fscal Shrike (Lanius collaris): a novel pattern of genetic structure across the arid zones and savannas of Africa. J. Biogeogr. 38(11): 2210–2222.
- Lefranc, N and Worfolk, T. 1997. Shrikes: a guide to the shrikes of the world. Yale Univ. Press.
- Yosef, R. & International Shrike Working Group (2018). Common Fiscal (Lanius collaris). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from https://www.hbw.com/node/60490 on 20 June 2018).
- Avibase
Recommended Citation
- BirdForum Opus contributors. (2024) Southern Fiscal. In: BirdForum, the forum for wild birds and birding. Retrieved 24 April 2024 from https://www.birdforum.net/opus/Southern_Fiscal
