Races differ mainly in general coloration, strength of dark markings, and size: hispanus and ruthenus lighter and greyer than nominate; interpositus darker, more rufous; sibiricus very pale, creamy-white below with contrasting streaks; yenisseensis darker, with yellower ground colour; hemachalana more light brown above, including mantle, turcomanus similar but greyer; omissus with ochre ground colour, markings below less heavy, nikolskii smaller and more rufous; jakutensis dark, browner above, well marked below, ussuriensis darker still with ochre wash below; kiautschensis rather small, very dark, streaking thin; swinhoei small, strongly tinged rufous.