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Emu wing development (1 Viewer)

Fred Ruhe

Well-known member
Netherlands
Axel H Newton & Craig A. Smith, 2020

Regulation of vertebrate forelimb development and wing reduction in the flightless emu.
Developmental Dynamics (advance online publication)

doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.288
https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dvdy.288

Free pdf:
https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/dvdy.288

Abstract:

The vertebrate limb is a dynamic structure that has evolved into many diverse forms to facilitate complex behavioural adaptations. The principle molecular and cellular processes that underlie development of the vertebrate limb are well characterised. However, how these processes are altered to drive differential limb development between vertebrates is less well understood. Several vertebrate models are being utilized to determine the developmental basis of differential limb morphogenesis, though these typically focus on later patterning of the established limb bud and may not represent the complete developmental trajectory. Particularly, heterochronic limb development can occur prior to limb outgrowth and patterning but receives little attention. This review summarises the developmental regulation of vertebrate forelimb diversity, with particular focus on wing reduction in the flightless emu as a model for studying limb heterochrony. These studies highlight that wing reduction is complex, with heterochronic cellular and genetic events influencing the major stages of limb development. Together, these studies provide a broader picture of how different limb morphologies may be established during development.

Enjoy,

Fred
 
FIGURE 1 Phylogeny and wing reduction in ratites. Ratites display at least three independent losses of flight. A, Loss of flight,reduction in size of all skeletal elements, and syndactyly of distal elements in emu, cassowary, kiwi and extinct elephant bird. B, Completeloss of all wing structure in moa except for a remnant scapulocoracoid. C,D, Reduction of distal elements and loss of flight in rhea andostrich. The typical avian wing is shown underneath each species' forelimb morphology as grey silhouette.

Fred
 

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