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horned larks
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<blockquote data-quote="l_raty" data-source="post: 2920991" data-attributes="member: 24811"><p>Linnaeus, Carolus (1758): <em>Systema naturae</em> (<em>Edicio decima</em>), <a href="http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727073#page/185/mode/1up" target="_blank">p.166</a>:</p><p></p><p style="margin-left: 20px">"alpestris. 8.</p> <p style="margin-left: 20px"><em>Alauda</em> [= lark] with tail feathers half-white from below, yellow throat, black subocular and pectoral band.</p> <p style="margin-left: 20px"><em>Alauda gutture flavo</em> [= yellow-throated lark], <em>Catesby</em>, <em>Carolina</em>, vol.1, p.32, fig.32.</p> <p style="margin-left: 20px">Resides in northern America, and seen by Klein at Gdansk.</p> <p style="margin-left: 20px">Upper body brown. Throat yellow down to the breast. Belly white. Crosswise black pectoral. Black band, blunt, behind the corner of the mouth."</p><p>This refers to:</p><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Catesby" target="_blank">Catesby, Mark</a> (1731): <em>The natural history of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama islands</em>, vol.1, <a href="http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN475080483&DMDID=DMDLOG_0067&LOGID=LOG_0067&PHYSID=PHYS_0107" target="_blank">p.32</a>, <a href="http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN475080483&DMDID=DMDLOG_0067&LOGID=LOG_0067&PHYSID=PHYS_0108" target="_blank">fig.32</a>.</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Theodor_Klein" target="_blank">Klein, Jacob Theodor</a> (1750): <em>Historiae avium prodromus</em>, <a href="http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN479886180&DMDID=DMDLOG_0013&LOGID=LOG_0013&PHYSID=PHYS_0097" target="_blank">p.72</a>, <a href="http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN479886180&DMDID=DMDLOG_0008&LOGID=LOG_0008&PHYSID=PHYS_0189" target="_blank">p.156</a>, <a href="http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN479886180&DMDID=DMDLOG_0017&LOGID=LOG_0017&PHYSID=PHYS_0197" target="_blank">p.164</a>.<br /> p.72:<br /> <p style="margin-left: 20px">"Such a bird was caught on 20 April of the year 1667 near Gdansk ("zur Saspe"); without doubt transported by a storm to Norway, and from there to us. Lo, on the second day of December of the year 1747 the same bird was brought to me by a fowler from Zoppot, alive and happy, which I put in a cage. It was unique, and had been caught among other birds in the wildfowling area not far from the shore of the village of Zoppot."</p> The text on p.156 gives a similar account, but adds:<br /> <br /> <p style="margin-left: 20px">"[...] the last of which, as this is being written, in the month of March 1748, is still doing well in a cage."</p> (Klein, 1750, was non-binominal [and this work is of course pre-Linnean, hence the names in it cannot be available]. He referred to the bird as "Alauda gutture flavo, Virginiae et Carolinae" on p.72, "Alauda <em>Catesbeji</em>" on p.156, "Alauda gutture flavo" on p.164.)<br /> <br /> (Klein's <em>Aviarum prussicum</em>, if I understand things correctly, was a hand-written catalogue of Klein's collections, which was finally published, with extensive comments, by <a href="http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/109156#page/87/mode/1up" target="_blank">Braun (1906)</a>. The bird is cited in the catalogue, and Braun identifies it as <em>Otocorys alpestris</em> (L.) on <a href="http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/109156#page/133/mode/1up" target="_blank">p. 123</a>. But it doesn't appear to have been called <em>alpestris</em> <a href="http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/109156#page/113/mode/1up" target="_blank">in the original text</a>.)</li> </ul><p></p><p>I don't think Linnaeus had ever seen this bird. (Note, in his diagnosis above, the statement that the tail feathers of the bird are half white, which of course is not the case in a horned lark. I think this is a misinterpretation of <a href="http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN475080483&DMDID=DMDLOG_0067&LOGID=LOG_0067&PHYSID=PHYS_0108" target="_blank">Catesby's figure</a>, that shows unreasonably long undertail coverts. If Linnaeus had seen the bird in life, he would have been unlikely to describe its tail with these words. Also, the species does not appear, even in the <a href="http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/100333#page/134/mode/1up" target="_blank">1761 edition of his <em>Fauna svecica</em></a>, thus he evidently did not know that it occurred in Sweden.)</p><p>Catesby describes the bird as occurring in winter in the coastal dunes of Virginia and Carolina; Klein saw it near Gdansk, near the coast as well.</p><p>Thus there appears to be no link between this bird and any mountain, be it in Linnaeus's work itself, or in the works he referred to. And I've absolutely no idea why the name "<em>alpestris</em>" either...</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="l_raty, post: 2920991, member: 24811"] Linnaeus, Carolus (1758): [I]Systema naturae[/I] ([I]Edicio decima[/I]), [URL="http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727073#page/185/mode/1up"]p.166[/URL]: [INDENT]"alpestris. 8. [I]Alauda[/I] [= lark] with tail feathers half-white from below, yellow throat, black subocular and pectoral band. [I]Alauda gutture flavo[/I] [= yellow-throated lark], [I]Catesby[/I], [I]Carolina[/I], vol.1, p.32, fig.32. Resides in northern America, and seen by Klein at Gdansk. Upper body brown. Throat yellow down to the breast. Belly white. Crosswise black pectoral. Black band, blunt, behind the corner of the mouth."[/INDENT] This refers to: [LIST] [*][URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Catesby"]Catesby, Mark[/URL] (1731): [I]The natural history of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama islands[/I], vol.1, [URL="http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN475080483&DMDID=DMDLOG_0067&LOGID=LOG_0067&PHYSID=PHYS_0107"]p.32[/URL], [URL="http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN475080483&DMDID=DMDLOG_0067&LOGID=LOG_0067&PHYSID=PHYS_0108"]fig.32[/URL]. [*][URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Theodor_Klein"]Klein, Jacob Theodor[/URL] (1750): [I]Historiae avium prodromus[/I], [URL="http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN479886180&DMDID=DMDLOG_0013&LOGID=LOG_0013&PHYSID=PHYS_0097"]p.72[/URL], [URL="http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN479886180&DMDID=DMDLOG_0008&LOGID=LOG_0008&PHYSID=PHYS_0189"]p.156[/URL], [URL="http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN479886180&DMDID=DMDLOG_0017&LOGID=LOG_0017&PHYSID=PHYS_0197"]p.164[/URL]. p.72: [INDENT]"Such a bird was caught on 20 April of the year 1667 near Gdansk ("zur Saspe"); without doubt transported by a storm to Norway, and from there to us. Lo, on the second day of December of the year 1747 the same bird was brought to me by a fowler from Zoppot, alive and happy, which I put in a cage. It was unique, and had been caught among other birds in the wildfowling area not far from the shore of the village of Zoppot."[/INDENT] The text on p.156 gives a similar account, but adds: [INDENT]"[...] the last of which, as this is being written, in the month of March 1748, is still doing well in a cage."[/INDENT] (Klein, 1750, was non-binominal [and this work is of course pre-Linnean, hence the names in it cannot be available]. He referred to the bird as "Alauda gutture flavo, Virginiae et Carolinae" on p.72, "Alauda [I]Catesbeji[/I]" on p.156, "Alauda gutture flavo" on p.164.) (Klein's [I]Aviarum prussicum[/I], if I understand things correctly, was a hand-written catalogue of Klein's collections, which was finally published, with extensive comments, by [URL="http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/109156#page/87/mode/1up"]Braun (1906)[/URL]. The bird is cited in the catalogue, and Braun identifies it as [I]Otocorys alpestris[/I] (L.) on [URL="http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/109156#page/133/mode/1up"]p. 123[/URL]. But it doesn't appear to have been called [I]alpestris[/I] [URL="http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/109156#page/113/mode/1up"]in the original text[/URL].)[/LIST] I don't think Linnaeus had ever seen this bird. (Note, in his diagnosis above, the statement that the tail feathers of the bird are half white, which of course is not the case in a horned lark. I think this is a misinterpretation of [URL="http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN475080483&DMDID=DMDLOG_0067&LOGID=LOG_0067&PHYSID=PHYS_0108"]Catesby's figure[/URL], that shows unreasonably long undertail coverts. If Linnaeus had seen the bird in life, he would have been unlikely to describe its tail with these words. Also, the species does not appear, even in the [URL="http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/100333#page/134/mode/1up"]1761 edition of his [I]Fauna svecica[/I][/URL], thus he evidently did not know that it occurred in Sweden.) Catesby describes the bird as occurring in winter in the coastal dunes of Virginia and Carolina; Klein saw it near Gdansk, near the coast as well. Thus there appears to be no link between this bird and any mountain, be it in Linnaeus's work itself, or in the works he referred to. And I've absolutely no idea why the name "[I]alpestris[/I]" either... [/QUOTE]
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