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Message: <blockquote data-quote="macrourus" data-source="post: 1181040" data-attributes="member: 43747">wing formula is just usefull in spring bird that has finished the complete moult (adult advanced, mostly males) while is totally useless in late moulting odd bird (mostly oddfemale with old retained P10) and in autumn bird, chiefly in 2nd cy with retained juv. P10 or P10-9...  However, this bird looks really LK like so Silvio is to be justified, also because he did not seen African and Middle Eastern Kestrels...The clue came from the moult pattern combined with remiges and rectirces pattern: such barered remiges would be justified by 2nd cy LK, having fully retained juv. remiges. However, by April, only the central tail pair T1 would be new or at most T1-2, being unbarred and clean or in some showing a 1st adult type pattern (narrowely barred)... in our bird the whole tail is clean and unbarred and perfectly adult-like. So it is an adult, therefore the remiges should be clean and unbarred in LK while like so in pale and sun bleached ME Kestrels. In 2cy LK by now there should be P4 or P5 moulted, then prtruding and unmarked (not always though).CiaoAndrea C</blockquote>