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'''Alternative name: Grey Penduline Tit''' | '''Alternative name: Grey Penduline Tit''' | ||
| − | [[Image:2008_05_03_AfricanPendulineTit_4612.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo by {{user|Alan+Manson|Alan Manson}}<br>Mkhuze Game Reserve, [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[South Africa]]]] | + | [[Image:2008_05_03_AfricanPendulineTit_4612.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo by {{user|Alan+Manson|Alan Manson}}<br />Mkhuze Game Reserve, [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[South Africa]]]] |
;[[:Category:Anthoscopus|Anthoscopus]] caroli | ;[[:Category:Anthoscopus|Anthoscopus]] caroli | ||
'''Includes Buff-bellied Penduline-Tit''' | '''Includes Buff-bellied Penduline-Tit''' | ||
| − | |||
==Identification== | ==Identification== | ||
| − | Length 8-9 cm, mass 6.0-6.9 g | + | Length 8-9 cm, mass 6.0-6.9 g<br /> |
| − | |||
'''Adult''': Face buffy, upper parts grey. Wings and tail dark grey-brown, feathers with pale edges. Throat and breast greyish white, belly and flanks cinnamon buff. Eyes dark brown to black; legs and feet grey. | '''Adult''': Face buffy, upper parts grey. Wings and tail dark grey-brown, feathers with pale edges. Throat and breast greyish white, belly and flanks cinnamon buff. Eyes dark brown to black; legs and feet grey. | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
Sub-Saharan [[Africa]]: North-western [[South Africa]], [[Swaziland]], eastern and northern [[Botswana]], northern [[Namibia]], [[Mozambique]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Malawi]], [[Zambia]], [[Angola]], [[Tanzania]], southern [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], [[Uganda]], and isolated populations in southern [[Kenya]] and northern [[Republic of the Congo]]. | Sub-Saharan [[Africa]]: North-western [[South Africa]], [[Swaziland]], eastern and northern [[Botswana]], northern [[Namibia]], [[Mozambique]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Malawi]], [[Zambia]], [[Angola]], [[Tanzania]], southern [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], [[Uganda]], and isolated populations in southern [[Kenya]] and northern [[Republic of the Congo]]. | ||
==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
| − | There are nine subspecies based on shades of plumage colouration.<br /> | + | There are nine to 11 subspecies based on shades of plumage colouration.<sup>[[#References|[1][2][3]]]</sup><br /> |
| + | ====Subspecies<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>==== | ||
| + | *''A. c. ansorgei'': | ||
| + | :*South-eastern [[Gabon]] to [[Angola]] and south-western [[Zaire]] | ||
| + | *''A. c. caroli'': | ||
| + | :*Northern [[Namibia]], southern [[Angola]], [[Botswana]] and south-western [[Zambia]] | ||
| + | *''A. c. roccatii'': | ||
| + | :*[[Uganda]], north-eastern [[Zaire]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], north-eeastern [[Tanzania]] and western [[Kenya]] | ||
| + | *''A. c. rhodesiae'': | ||
| + | :*South-eastern [[Zaire]] to north-eastern [[Zambia]] and south-western [[Tanzania]] (Ufipa Plateau) | ||
| + | *''A. c. sylviella (rothschildi)'': | ||
| + | :*South-central [[Kenya]] (east of Rift Valley) to central [[Tanzania]] | ||
| + | *''A. c. sharpei'': | ||
| + | :*South-western [[Kenya]] and northern [[Tanzania]] | ||
| + | *''A. c. robertsi (taruensis)'': | ||
| + | :*[[Mozambique]], [[Malawi]], south-eastern [[Zambia]], eastern [[Tanzania]] and south-eastern [[Kenya]] | ||
| + | *''A. c. pallescens'': | ||
| + | :*Western [[Tanzania]] (Kigoma, Kungwe-Mahari) | ||
| + | *''A. c. winterbottomi'': | ||
| + | :*North-western [[Zambia]] and adjacent southern [[Zaire]] (southern Katanga) | ||
| + | *''A. c. hellmayri'': | ||
| + | :*Eastern and southern [[Zimbabwe]], southern [[Mozambique]], [[South Africa]] and eastern [[Swaziland]] | ||
| + | *''A. c. rankinei'': | ||
| + | :*Zambesi River between north-eastern [[Zimbabwe]] and north-western [[Mozambique]] | ||
| + | |||
''Sylviella'' is sometimes split as '''Buff-bellied Penduline-Tit'''. | ''Sylviella'' is sometimes split as '''Buff-bellied Penduline-Tit'''. | ||
==Habitat== | ==Habitat== | ||
Broad-leaved woodland (including those dominated by ''Combretum'', ''Terminalia'', ''Burkea'' and ''Brachystegia''); less common in ''Acacia'' woodland. | Broad-leaved woodland (including those dominated by ''Combretum'', ''Terminalia'', ''Burkea'' and ''Brachystegia''); less common in ''Acacia'' woodland. | ||
==Behaviour== | ==Behaviour== | ||
| − | + | Usually seen in pairs or family groups of up to seven individuals. Roosts in old nests, including those of [[:Category:Ploceus|''Ploceus'']] Weavers. | |
| − | + | ====Diet==== | |
| − | + | Forages actively for insects in tree canopies, probing flower clusters, leaf buds, twigs and fruit. Also feeds on ''Aloe'' nectar. | |
| + | ====Breeding==== | ||
| + | Monogamous; nesting is solitary. The nest is a oval bag made from plant down and spider web; it has a collapsible entrance spout near the top. Two to eight eggs are laid August to February (in southern [[Africa]]). | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| − | Hockey PAR, Dean WRJ & Ryan PG (eds) 2005. Robert's Birds of Southern Africa, 7th edition. John Voelcker Bird Book Fund, Cape Town, South Africa. ISBN 0620340533 | + | #{{Ref-Clements6thDec08}}#Avibase |
| + | #Hockey PAR, Dean WRJ & Ryan PG (eds) 2005. Robert's Birds of Southern Africa, 7th edition. John Voelcker Bird Book Fund, Cape Town, South Africa. ISBN 0620340533 | ||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
{{GSearch|Anthoscopus+caroli}} | {{GSearch|Anthoscopus+caroli}} | ||
[[Category:Birds]] [[Category:Anthoscopus]] | [[Category:Birds]] [[Category:Anthoscopus]] | ||
Revision as of 16:04, 30 March 2011
Alternative name: Grey Penduline Tit
- Anthoscopus caroli
Includes Buff-bellied Penduline-Tit
Identification
Length 8-9 cm, mass 6.0-6.9 g
Adult: Face buffy, upper parts grey. Wings and tail dark grey-brown, feathers with pale edges. Throat and breast greyish white, belly and flanks cinnamon buff. Eyes dark brown to black; legs and feet grey.
Distribution
Sub-Saharan Africa: North-western South Africa, Swaziland, eastern and northern Botswana, northern Namibia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Zambia, Angola, Tanzania, southern Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, and isolated populations in southern Kenya and northern Republic of the Congo.
Taxonomy
There are nine to 11 subspecies based on shades of plumage colouration.[1][2][3]
Subspecies[1]
- A. c. ansorgei:
- A. c. caroli:
- A. c. roccatii:
- A. c. rhodesiae:
- A. c. sylviella (rothschildi):
- A. c. sharpei:
- A. c. robertsi (taruensis):
- Mozambique, Malawi, south-eastern Zambia, eastern Tanzania and south-eastern Kenya
- A. c. pallescens:
- Western Tanzania (Kigoma, Kungwe-Mahari)
- A. c. winterbottomi:
- A. c. hellmayri:
- Eastern and southern Zimbabwe, southern Mozambique, South Africa and eastern Swaziland
- A. c. rankinei:
- Zambesi River between north-eastern Zimbabwe and north-western Mozambique
Sylviella is sometimes split as Buff-bellied Penduline-Tit.
Habitat
Broad-leaved woodland (including those dominated by Combretum, Terminalia, Burkea and Brachystegia); less common in Acacia woodland.
Behaviour
Usually seen in pairs or family groups of up to seven individuals. Roosts in old nests, including those of Ploceus Weavers.
Diet
Forages actively for insects in tree canopies, probing flower clusters, leaf buds, twigs and fruit. Also feeds on Aloe nectar.
Breeding
Monogamous; nesting is solitary. The nest is a oval bag made from plant down and spider web; it has a collapsible entrance spout near the top. Two to eight eggs are laid August to February (in southern Africa).
References
- Clements, JF. 2008. The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World. 6th ed., with updates to December 2008. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0801445019.
- Avibase
- Hockey PAR, Dean WRJ & Ryan PG (eds) 2005. Robert's Birds of Southern Africa, 7th edition. John Voelcker Bird Book Fund, Cape Town, South Africa. ISBN 0620340533
