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Difference between revisions of "Bar-throated Apalis" - BirdForum Opus

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[[Image:22588Bar_throated_Apalis_Deer_Park_.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo by {{user|louisdup|louisdup}}<br />Port Elizabeth, [[South Africa]]]]
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[[Image:22588Bar_throated_Apalis_Deer_Park_.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo &copy; by {{user|louisdup|louisdup}}<br />Port Elizabeth, [[South Africa]], July 2005]]
 
;[[:Category:Apalis|Apalis]] thoracica
 
;[[:Category:Apalis|Apalis]] thoracica
−
 
 
==Identification==
 
==Identification==
−
Length 12-13 cm, mass 8.3-13.1 g.
+
Length 12-13 cm, mass 8.3-13.1 g.<br />
−
 
+
'''Adult''': Narrow black breastband together with pale eyes separate this species from most others.
−
'''Adult''': Narrow black breastband together with pale eyes separate this species from others.
 
 
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
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[[Image:2007_06_08_Barthroated_Apalis.jpg|thumb|352px|right|Photo by {{user|Alan+Manson|Alan Manson}}<br />Pietermaritzburg, [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[South Africa]]]]
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[[Image:2007_06_08_Barthroated_Apalis.jpg|thumb|352px|right|Photo &copy; by {{user|Alan+Manson|Alan Manson}}<br />Pietermaritzburg, [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[South Africa]], June 2007]]
 
Eastern and southern [[Africa]]: [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]], [[Mozambique]], [[Malawi]], [[Botswana]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[South Africa]], [[Lesotho]], and [[Swaziland]].  
 
Eastern and southern [[Africa]]: [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]], [[Mozambique]], [[Malawi]], [[Botswana]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[South Africa]], [[Lesotho]], and [[Swaziland]].  
 
==Taxonomy==
 
==Taxonomy==
−
Some authorities split this taxon into four or five species.
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This taxon was recently split: ''A. fuscigularis'' ([[Taita Apalis]]), ''A. flavigularis'' ([[Yellow-throated Apalis]]) and ''A. lynesi'' ([[Namuli Apalis]]) were recognised as separate (and threatened) species<sup>[[#References|[1]]][[#References|[2]]][[#References|[3]]]</sup>.
 +
 
 +
====Subspecies====
 +
Eighteen subpecies are recognized. The colours of the crown, back and underparts vary.
 +
 
 +
*''A. t. griseiceps'' (iringae): South-eastern [[Kenya]] (Chyulu Hills) and highlands of [[Tanzania]]
 +
*''A. t. pareensis'': Northern [[Tanzania]] (South Pare Mountains)
 +
*''A. t. uluguru'': North-eastern [[Tanzania]] (Uluguru Mountains)
 +
*''A. t. murina'': North-eastern [[Tanzania]] to northern [[Malawi]] and adjacent [[Zambia]]
 +
*''A. t. youngi'': South-western [[Tanzania]] to north-eastern [[Malawi]] and adjacent [[Zambia]]
 +
*''A. t. whitei'': Eastern [[Zambia]] to southern [[Malawi]] and adjacent [[Mozambique]] (Zobue)
 +
*''A. t. quarta'': North-eastern [[Zimbabwe]] (Mount Nyangani) and [[Mozambique]] (Mount Gorongoza)
 +
*''A. t. arnoldi'': Eastern [[Zimbabwe]] and adjacent [[Mozambique]]
 +
*''A. t. rhodesiae'': [[Zimbabwe]] plateau and north-eastern [[Botswana]]
 +
*''A. t. flaviventris'': South-eastern [[Botswana]] to northern and western [[Transvaal]]
 +
*''A. t. spelonkensis'': Eastern and northern [[Transvaal]]
 +
*''A. t. lebomboensis'': North-eastern [[Zululand]] (Lebombo Mountains) to eastern [[Swaziland]] and southern [[Mozambique]]
 +
*''A. t. venusta'' (darglensis): [[Zululand]] to [[Natal]], eastern Griqualand and Great Kei River
 +
*''A. t. drakensbergensis'': [[South Africa]] (Drakensberg Mountains to western [[Swaziland]])
 +
*''A. t. thoracica'': South-eastern Cape Province (Great Kei and Gamtoos River to Umtata)
 +
*''A. t. claudei'': Southern Cape Province (Knysna to Humansdorp and Beaufort West)
 +
*''A. t. capensis'': South and south-western Cape Province (Paarl to Oudtshoorn and Mossel Bay)
 +
*''A. t. griseopyga'': Coastal western Cape Province (Lamberts Bay to Cape Town)
  
−
As many as 21 subpecies have been described (9 in [[South Africa]]). The colours of the crown, back and underparts vary.
 
 
==Habitat==
 
==Habitat==
 
Forest edges, moist woodlands and shrublands, gardens.
 
Forest edges, moist woodlands and shrublands, gardens.
 
==Behaviour==
 
==Behaviour==
−
Singly, in pairs or in groups of up to six individuals. Inquisitive and fairly bold. Forages restlessly for invertebrates, gleaned from bark, leaves and flowers; also eats fruit.
+
Singly, in pairs or in groups of up to six individuals. Inquisitive and fairly bold.
−
 
+
====Diet====
−
'''Breeding''': Monogamous and territorial. The nest is oval or dome-shaped with a side-top entrance; built of fine plant material, lichen, moss and spider web. Two to four eggs are laid August to April. Parasitised by [[Red-chested Cuckoo]] and [[Klaas's Cuckoo]].
+
Forages restlessly for invertebrates, gleaned from bark, leaves and flowers; also eats fruit.
 +
====Breeding====
 +
Monogamous and territorial. The nest is oval or dome-shaped with a side-top entrance; built of fine plant material, lichen, moss and spider web. Two to four eggs are laid August to April. Parasitised by [[Red-chested Cuckoo]] and [[Klaas's Cuckoo]].
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
Hockey PAR, Dean WRJ & Ryan PG (eds) 2005. ''Robert's Birds of Southern Africa'', 7th edition. John Voelcker Bird Book Fund, Cape Town, South Africa. ISBN 0620340533
+
#{{Ref-Clements6thAug19}}#{{Ref-BirdlifeChecklistV2_09}}#{{Ref-Gilletal09}}#Hockey PAR, Dean WRJ & Ryan PG (eds) 2005. ''Robert's Birds of Southern Africa'', 7th edition. John Voelcker Bird Book Fund, Cape Town, South Africa. ISBN 0620340533
 +
#Sinclair I & Ryan P. 2003. ''Birds of Africa south of the Sahara''. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0620207299
 +
{{ref}}
  
−
Sinclair I & Ryan P. 2003. ''Birds of Africa south of the Sahara''. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0620207299
 
 
==External Links==
 
==External Links==
 
{{GSearch|Apalis+thoracica}}  
 
{{GSearch|Apalis+thoracica}}  
 
[[Category:Birds]] [[Category:Apalis]]
 
[[Category:Birds]] [[Category:Apalis]]

Revision as of 01:10, 27 May 2021

Photo © by louisdup
Port Elizabeth, South Africa, July 2005
Apalis thoracica

Identification

Length 12-13 cm, mass 8.3-13.1 g.
Adult: Narrow black breastband together with pale eyes separate this species from most others.

Distribution

Photo © by Alan Manson
Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, June 2007

Eastern and southern Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, Malawi, Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Lesotho, and Swaziland.

Taxonomy

This taxon was recently split: A. fuscigularis (Taita Apalis), A. flavigularis (Yellow-throated Apalis) and A. lynesi (Namuli Apalis) were recognised as separate (and threatened) species[1][2][3].

Subspecies

Eighteen subpecies are recognized. The colours of the crown, back and underparts vary.

  • A. t. griseiceps (iringae): South-eastern Kenya (Chyulu Hills) and highlands of Tanzania
  • A. t. pareensis: Northern Tanzania (South Pare Mountains)
  • A. t. uluguru: North-eastern Tanzania (Uluguru Mountains)
  • A. t. murina: North-eastern Tanzania to northern Malawi and adjacent Zambia
  • A. t. youngi: South-western Tanzania to north-eastern Malawi and adjacent Zambia
  • A. t. whitei: Eastern Zambia to southern Malawi and adjacent Mozambique (Zobue)
  • A. t. quarta: North-eastern Zimbabwe (Mount Nyangani) and Mozambique (Mount Gorongoza)
  • A. t. arnoldi: Eastern Zimbabwe and adjacent Mozambique
  • A. t. rhodesiae: Zimbabwe plateau and north-eastern Botswana
  • A. t. flaviventris: South-eastern Botswana to northern and western Transvaal
  • A. t. spelonkensis: Eastern and northern Transvaal
  • A. t. lebomboensis: North-eastern Zululand (Lebombo Mountains) to eastern Swaziland and southern Mozambique
  • A. t. venusta (darglensis): Zululand to Natal, eastern Griqualand and Great Kei River
  • A. t. drakensbergensis: South Africa (Drakensberg Mountains to western Swaziland)
  • A. t. thoracica: South-eastern Cape Province (Great Kei and Gamtoos River to Umtata)
  • A. t. claudei: Southern Cape Province (Knysna to Humansdorp and Beaufort West)
  • A. t. capensis: South and south-western Cape Province (Paarl to Oudtshoorn and Mossel Bay)
  • A. t. griseopyga: Coastal western Cape Province (Lamberts Bay to Cape Town)

Habitat

Forest edges, moist woodlands and shrublands, gardens.

Behaviour

Singly, in pairs or in groups of up to six individuals. Inquisitive and fairly bold.

Diet

Forages restlessly for invertebrates, gleaned from bark, leaves and flowers; also eats fruit.

Breeding

Monogamous and territorial. The nest is oval or dome-shaped with a side-top entrance; built of fine plant material, lichen, moss and spider web. Two to four eggs are laid August to April. Parasitised by Red-chested Cuckoo and Klaas's Cuckoo.

References

  1. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2019. The eBird/Clements Checklist of Birds of the World: v2019. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
  2. BirdLife International. 2009. The BirdLife checklist of the birds of the world, with conservation status and taxonomic sources. Version 2. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/downloads/BirdLife_Checklist_Version_2.zip [.xls zipped 1 MB].
  3. Gill, F, M Wright and D Donsker. 2009. IOC World Bird Names (version 2.0). Available at http://www.worldbirdnames.org/.
  4. Hockey PAR, Dean WRJ & Ryan PG (eds) 2005. Robert's Birds of Southern Africa, 7th edition. John Voelcker Bird Book Fund, Cape Town, South Africa. ISBN 0620340533
  5. Sinclair I & Ryan P. 2003. Birds of Africa south of the Sahara. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0620207299

Recommended Citation

External Links

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