(taxonomy and reference updated) |
|||
| Line 40: | Line 40: | ||
*''T. p. deningeri'': Soutern [[Moluccas]] (Mount Binaia on Seram) | *''T. p. deningeri'': Soutern [[Moluccas]] (Mount Binaia on Seram) | ||
*''T. p. versteegi'': Western [[New Guinea]] (Jayawijaya Mountains) | *''T. p. versteegi'': Western [[New Guinea]] (Jayawijaya Mountains) | ||
| − | *''T. p. | + | *''T. p. erebus'': New Guinea (Bismarck Mountains) |
*''T. p. papuensis'': Mountains of south-eastern New Guinea | *''T. p. papuensis'': Mountains of south-eastern New Guinea | ||
*''T. p. canescens'': Goodenough Island (D'Entrecasteaux Archipelago) | *''T. p. canescens'': Goodenough Island (D'Entrecasteaux Archipelago) | ||
| Line 77: | Line 77: | ||
The nest is a well constructed cup well hidden in dense vegetation. The clutch consists of 1-3 eggs. | The nest is a well constructed cup well hidden in dense vegetation. The clutch consists of 1-3 eggs. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| − | #{{Ref- | + | #{{Ref-Clements6thAug17}}#[http://www.birdforum.net/showthread.php?t=112870 Taxonomy thread] in the forum. |
#Wild Walks | #Wild Walks | ||
#Wikipedia | #Wikipedia | ||
Revision as of 10:44, 26 September 2017
|
This article is incomplete. This article is missing one or more sections. You can help the BirdForum Opus by expanding it. |
|
- Turdus poliocephalus
Identification
17–25 cm; a very variable species
- Yellow eyering, bill and legs
- Brown to black upperparts
Variation
a.jpg)
There are around 50 subspecies with varying plumage differences but almost all resemble a typical Turdus thrush with a yellow bill, eye-ring and legs. The Samoan subspecies T. p. samoensis is identical in appearance to the Blackbird (Turdus merula) whereas T. p. seebohmi of northern Borneo is dark above with a red breast and resembles the American Robin (Turdus migratorius). Some subspecies have an entirely white head (including the male T. p. niveiceps, but not the female), and the Kadavu form T. p. ruficeps has an entirely orange head.
Distribution
Samoa, Fiji, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, the Solomon Islands, New Guinea, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia (Borneo) and Taiwan.
Taxonomy
The Island Thrush is a member of the cosmopolitan genus Turdus (Linnaeus, 1758), one of the most widely distributed bird genera in the world.
The taxonomy of the Island Thrush is complex (Clements[1] recognises 51 subspecies), and has defied attempts to split the group based on the four suspected morphological types. However, it appears likely that future studies will result in this species being split.[2]
Subspecies
- T. p. erythropleurus: Christmas Island (Indian Ocean)
- T. p. loeseri: Mountains of northern Sumatra
- T. p. indrapurae: Mountains of south-western Sumatra
- T. p. biesenbachi: West Java (Mount Papandajan region)
- T. p. javanicus: Central Java
- T. p. fumidus: Western Java (Mount Gedeh region)
- T. p. stresemanni: Western Java (Mount Lawoe region)
- T. p. whiteheadi: Mountains of eastern Java
- T. p. seebohmi: Northern Borneo (Mount Kinabalu and Trus Madi)
- T. p. niveiceps: Mountains of Taiwan and Lan-yü Island
- T. p. thomassoni: Mountains of northern Luzon (northern Philippines)
- T. p. mayonensis: Mountains of southern Luzon (northern Philippines)
- T. p. mindorensis: Mountains of Mindoro (Philippines)
- T. p. nigrorum: Mountains of Negros (Philippines)
- T. p. malindangensis: Southern Philippines (Mount Malindang region of north-western Mindanao)
- T. p. katanglad: Southern Philippines (Mount Katanglad region of central Mindanao)
- T. p. kelleri: Southern Philippines (Mount Apo and adjacent mountains of south-eastern Mindanao)
- T. p. hygroscopus: South-central Sulawesi (Latimojong Mountains)
- T. p. celebensis: South-western Sulawesi (Bonthain Peak and Wawa Kareng)
- T. p. schlegelii: Eastern Lesser Sundas (Mount Mutis on western Timor)
- T. p. sterlingi: Eastern Lesser Sundas (Mount Ramelan on eastern Timor)
- T. p. deningeri: Soutern Moluccas (Mount Binaia on Seram)
- T. p. versteegi: Western New Guinea (Jayawijaya Mountains)
- T. p. erebus: New Guinea (Bismarck Mountains)
- T. p. papuensis: Mountains of south-eastern New Guinea
- T. p. canescens: Goodenough Island (D'Entrecasteaux Archipelago)
- T. p. keysseri: North-eastern New Guinea (Saruwaged Mountains of Huon Peninsula)
- T. p. bougainvillei: Bougainville (Solomon Islands)
- T. p. tolokiwae: Tolokiwa Island (Bismarck Archipelago)
- T. p. heinrothi: St. Matthias Island (Bismarck Archipelago)
- T. p. sladeni: Guadalcanal (Solomon Islands)
- T. p. rennellianus: Rennell (Solomon Islands)
- T. p. kulambangrae: Kulambangra (Solomon Islands)
- T. p. vanikorensis: Vanuatu (Vanikoro, Santa Cruz and Espíritu Santo)
- T. p. whitneyi: Gau Island (Banks Group)
- T. p. malekulae: Vanuatu (Pentecost, Malakulu and Ambrim)
- T. p. becki: Vanuatu (Paama, Lopevi, Epi and Mai)
- T. p. placens: Banks Group (Ureparapara and Vanua Lava)
- T. p. efatensis: Vanuatu (Efate and Nguna)
- T. p. albifrons: Erromango (Vanuatu)
- T. p. pritzbueri: Loyalty Islands (Tanna and Lifu)
- T. p. xanthopus: New Caledonia
- T. p. mareensis: Maré (Loyalty Islands). Extinct.
- T. p. poliocephalus: Norfolk Island Extinct
- T. p. vinitinctus: Lord Howe Island Extinct
- T. p. layardi: Fiji (Viti Levu, Ovalau, Yasawa and Koro)
- T. p. ruficeps: Kadavu (Fiji)
- T. p. vitiensis: Vanua Levu (Fiji)
- T. p. hades: Ngau (Fiji)
- T. p. tempesti: Taveuni (Fiji)
- T. p. samoensis: Western Samoa (Savai'i and Upolu)
Habitat
Woodland and forests
Behaviour
Diet
Their diet consists of snails, slugs, beetles, worms, larvae, spiders etc, also small fruits.
Breeding
The nest is a well constructed cup well hidden in dense vegetation. The clutch consists of 1-3 eggs.
References
- Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2017. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2017, with updates to August 2017. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- Taxonomy thread in the forum.
- Wild Walks
- Wikipedia
Recommended Citation
- BirdForum Opus contributors. (2024) Island Thrush. In: BirdForum, the forum for wild birds and birding. Retrieved 26 April 2024 from https://www.birdforum.net/opus/Island_Thrush
External Links
