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'''Juvenile''' – similar in color to female, but with streaking on breast and paler bill | '''Juvenile''' – similar in color to female, but with streaking on breast and paler bill | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| + | [[Image:Cowbird 3193 Female 2a.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Female <br />Photo © by {{user|OhioMoose|OhioMoose}}<br />Central [[Ohio]], May 2007 ]] | ||
[[Canada]], [[USA]] and [[Mexico]]<br /> | [[Canada]], [[USA]] and [[Mexico]]<br /> | ||
'''Canada''': [[Alberta]], [[British Columbia]], [[Manitoba]], [[New Brunswick]], [[Newfoundland]], [[Labrador]], [[Nova Scotia]], [[Northwest Territories]], [[Ontario]], [[Prince Edward Island]], [[Quebec]]<br /> | '''Canada''': [[Alberta]], [[British Columbia]], [[Manitoba]], [[New Brunswick]], [[Newfoundland]], [[Labrador]], [[Nova Scotia]], [[Northwest Territories]], [[Ontario]], [[Prince Edward Island]], [[Quebec]]<br /> | ||
| − | |||
'''USA''': [[New England]], [[Alaska]], [[Alabama]], [[Arkansas]], [[Arizona]], [[California]], [[Colorado]], [[Connecticut]], [[District of Columbia]], [[Delaware]], [[Florida]], [[Georgia]], [[Iowa]], [[Idaho]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Kansas]], [[Kentucky]], [[Louisiana]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Maryland]], [[Maine]], [[Michigan]], [[Minnesota]], [[Missouri]], [[Mississippi]], [[Montana]], [[North Carolina]], [[North Dakota]], [[Nebraska]], [[New Hampshire]], [[New Jersey]], [[New Mexico]], [[Nevada]], [[New York]], [[Ohio]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Oregon]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Rhode Island]], [[South Carolina]], [[South Dakota]], [[Tennessee]], [[Texas]], [[Utah]], [[Virginia]], [[Vermont]], [[Washington]], [[Wisconsin]], [[West Virginia]], [[Wyoming]]<br /> | '''USA''': [[New England]], [[Alaska]], [[Alabama]], [[Arkansas]], [[Arizona]], [[California]], [[Colorado]], [[Connecticut]], [[District of Columbia]], [[Delaware]], [[Florida]], [[Georgia]], [[Iowa]], [[Idaho]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Kansas]], [[Kentucky]], [[Louisiana]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Maryland]], [[Maine]], [[Michigan]], [[Minnesota]], [[Missouri]], [[Mississippi]], [[Montana]], [[North Carolina]], [[North Dakota]], [[Nebraska]], [[New Hampshire]], [[New Jersey]], [[New Mexico]], [[Nevada]], [[New York]], [[Ohio]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Oregon]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Rhode Island]], [[South Carolina]], [[South Dakota]], [[Tennessee]], [[Texas]], [[Utah]], [[Virginia]], [[Vermont]], [[Washington]], [[Wisconsin]], [[West Virginia]], [[Wyoming]]<br /> | ||
'''Mexico''': [[Baja California]], [[Tamaulipas]], [[Oaxaca]], Los Coronados Islands | '''Mexico''': [[Baja California]], [[Tamaulipas]], [[Oaxaca]], Los Coronados Islands | ||
==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
| − | ====Subspecies< | + | ====Subspecies==== |
| − | This is a [[Dictionary_P-S#P|polytypic]] species which consists of four subspecies: | + | [[Image:Feed_me.JPG|thumb|350px|right|Juvenile (right) with foster parent (an Eastern Phoebe)<br />Photo © by {{user|nartreb|nartreb}}<br />[[Blue Hills Reservation]], [[Massachusetts]], [[USA]], June 2018]] |
| + | This is a [[Dictionary_P-S#P|polytypic]] species which consists of four subspecies<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>: | ||
<!-- [[Image:608-07158fg Immature Eastern Brown-headed Cowbird.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Juvenile<br />Photo © by{{user|bobsofpa|bobsofpa}}<br />[[Middle Creek Wildlife Management Area]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[USA]], June 2008]] --> | <!-- [[Image:608-07158fg Immature Eastern Brown-headed Cowbird.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Juvenile<br />Photo © by{{user|bobsofpa|bobsofpa}}<br />[[Middle Creek Wildlife Management Area]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[USA]], June 2008]] --> | ||
| − | + | ||
*''M. a. artemisiae'': | *''M. a. artemisiae'': | ||
:*Southern coastal [[Alaska]] to south-western [[US]]; migrates to [[Baja California]] and southern [[Mexico]] | :*Southern coastal [[Alaska]] to south-western [[US]]; migrates to [[Baja California]] and southern [[Mexico]] | ||
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==Habitat== | ==Habitat== | ||
Farmland, foreste edges, suburbs. | Farmland, foreste edges, suburbs. | ||
| − | |||
==Behaviour== | ==Behaviour== | ||
====Breeding==== | ====Breeding==== | ||
| + | [[Image:710688SheepBirds2.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Photo © by {{user|Marysan|Marysan}}<br />Imperial County, [[California]], November 2004 ]] | ||
Cowbirds are brood parasites; the female removes one egg from the host nest and lays one of her own. Four to five white, brown speckled eggs are laid, one at a time. | Cowbirds are brood parasites; the female removes one egg from the host nest and lays one of her own. Four to five white, brown speckled eggs are laid, one at a time. | ||
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'''Call''': ''check'' or a rattle. | '''Call''': ''check'' or a rattle. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| − | #{{Ref- | + | #{{Ref-Clements6thAug19}}#Avibase |
#eNature | #eNature | ||
{{ref}} | {{ref}} | ||
Revision as of 11:24, 11 January 2020
- Molothrus ater
Identification
Male: 7.5-8.7 in (19-22 cm); female: 6.3-7.9 in (16-20 cm)
- Finch-like bill
Male – glossy black plumage (sometimes a blue-green sheen can be seen), rich brown head, dark eye
Female – brown plumage, paler on the head and underparts, dark bill and eye
Juvenile – similar in color to female, but with streaking on breast and paler bill
Distribution
Canada, USA and Mexico
Canada: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Labrador, Nova Scotia, Northwest Territories, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec
USA: New England, Alaska, Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming
Mexico: Baja California, Tamaulipas, Oaxaca, Los Coronados Islands
Taxonomy
Subspecies
Juvenile (right) with foster parent (an Eastern Phoebe)
Photo © by nartreb
Blue Hills Reservation, Massachusetts, USA, June 2018
Photo © by nartreb
Blue Hills Reservation, Massachusetts, USA, June 2018
This is a polytypic species which consists of four subspecies[1]:
- M. a. artemisiae:
- Southern coastal Alaska to south-western US; migrates to Baja California and southern Mexico
- M. a. obscurus:
- South-western US to Guerrero and northern Tamaulipas; migrates to southern Baja California Sur and Oaxaca
- M. a. ater:
- M. a. californicus:
- Southern California to northern Baja California and Los Coronados Islands (off north-western Baja California)
Habitat
Farmland, foreste edges, suburbs.
Behaviour
Breeding
Cowbirds are brood parasites; the female removes one egg from the host nest and lays one of her own. Four to five white, brown speckled eggs are laid, one at a time.
Vocalisation
Song: A liquid, bubbly gurgle followed by an upslurred, high-pitched whistle (given during display).
Call: check or a rattle.
References
- Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2019. The eBird/Clements Checklist of Birds of the World: v2019. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- Avibase
- eNature
Recommended Citation
- BirdForum Opus contributors. (2024) Brown-headed Cowbird. In: BirdForum, the forum for wild birds and birding. Retrieved 15 June 2024 from https://www.birdforum.net/opus/Brown-headed_Cowbird
