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Difference between revisions of "Black-and-white Mannikin" - BirdForum Opus

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(→‎External Links: Multiple GSearches combined)
 
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'''Alternative name: Black-and-white Munia'''
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[[Image:Red-backed_Mannikin.jpg|thumb|550px|right|''S. b. nigriceps'' <br />Photo by {{user|Alan+Manson|Alan Manson}} <br />Photo taken: Pietermaritzburg, [[South Africa]]. ]]
 
;[[:Category:Spermestes|Spermestes]] bicolor
 
;[[:Category:Spermestes|Spermestes]] bicolor
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''Lonchura bicolor''<br />
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'''Includes Red-backed Mannikin (aka Brown-Backed Munia, Chestnut-backed Mannikin)'''
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==Identification==
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Length 9-10cm, mass 9g.
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'''Adult''': Head, nape, throat, upper breast and tail black. Mantle, back and lesser wing coverts are chestnut or black. The rump, flanks and flight-feather panel on folded wings are barred black and white and the lower breast, belly and undertail coverts are white. Bill blue-grey, eyes brown and legs and feet dark grey.
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'''Immature''' (''S. b. nigriceps''): Birds moult gradually to adult plumage; the head and throat are mottled brown and black and are the last parts to gain adult colouring.
  
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==Identification==
 
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10cm. Black head, upperparts and tail, white underparts, grey bill, black eye.
 
 
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
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Most of [[Africa]] south of the Sahara, except the easternmost parts.
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Most of [[Africa]] south of the Sahara, except the easternmost parts. It is also found as an escapee all the way in Singapore. A bird was observed building a nest on a tree on May 17 in Singapore but breeding has yet to be confirmed.
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[[Image:Brown-Backed_Munia.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Immature ''S. b. nigriceps'' <br />Photo by {{user|rudydbn|rudydbn}}]]
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==Taxonomy==
 
==Taxonomy==
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Black-and-white Mannikin has subspecies ''bicolor'', ''wollersi'', and ''poensis''.
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Black-and-white Mannikin has five subspecies:<sup>[[#References|1]]</sup>
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*''S. b. bicolor''
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:*Mantle, back and lesser wing coverts are black
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:*[[Guinea-Bissau]] to [[Guinea]], [[Nigeria]] and [[Cameroon]]
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*''S. b. woltersi''
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:*Mantle, back and lesser wing coverts are black
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:*South-eastern [[Zaire]] and north-western [[Zambia]]
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*''S. b. poensis''
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:*Mantle, back and lesser wing coverts are black
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:*Southern [[Cameroon]] to [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]] and northern [[Angola]]; winters to [[Bioko]]
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*''S. b. nigriceps''
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:*Mantle, back and lesser wing coverts are chestnut
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:*[[South Africa]], [[eSwatini]], [[Mozambique]], eastern [[Zimbabwe]], eastern [[Zambia]], [[Malawi]], southern and eastern [[Tanzania]], southern [[Kenya]]
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*''S. b. minor''
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:*Mantle, back and lesser wing coverts are chestnut
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:*Southern [[Somalia]]
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:*Sometimes lumped with ''S. b. nigriceps''
  
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Some authorities include [[Brown-Backed Munia]] in this species.  
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Some authorities separate ''nigriceps'' and ''minor'' as a separate species, Red-backed Mannikin ''S. nigriceps''.<sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>
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Black-and-white Mannikin is sometimes placed in the genus ''[[:Category:Lonchura|Lonchura]]''.
  
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Black-and-white Mannikin is sometimes placed in the genus ''[[: Category:Lonchura|Lonchura]]''.
 
 
==Habitat==
 
==Habitat==
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Moist savanna and lowland moist forest habitat.  
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Moist savanna and woodland, lowland moist forest, forest edges, parks, gardens.  
 
==Behaviour==
 
==Behaviour==
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Locally common; generally in small flocks. Forages both on the ground and from seed heads of standing grass.
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====Diet====
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Eats seeds of many species of grass; also small insects. Visits seed feeders, especially when natural sources of grass seed are limited (winter and spring in southern Africa). Also eats petals, nectar and filamentous algae from pools.
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====Breeding====
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The nest is an oval ball, generally of grass, but old-man's-beard (lichen of the genus ''Usnea'') and wild asparagus stems are also used. Two to seven eggs are laid (October to May in southern Africa).
 
====Vocalisation====
 
====Vocalisation====
 
The song is a short series of contact notes run together.  Contact calls are soft ''kip'' (given with bill closed) and a short piping or whistling ''seeet seeet'', usually given in flight; alarm call is a short harsh note.
 
The song is a short series of contact notes run together.  Contact calls are soft ''kip'' (given with bill closed) and a short piping or whistling ''seeet seeet'', usually given in flight; alarm call is a short harsh note.
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==References==
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#{{Ref-Clements6thAug15}}# Dickinson EC (ed.) 2003. ''The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World''. 3rd ed. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, USA. ISBN 9780691117010
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# Hockey PAR, Dean WRJ & Ryan PG (eds) 2005. Robert's Birds of Southern Africa, 7th edition. John Voelcker Bird Book Fund, Cape Town, South Africa. ISBN 0620340533
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# Sinclair I & Ryan PG 2003. Birds of Africa South of the Sahara. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa. ISBN 0691118154
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{{ref}}
 
==External Links==
 
==External Links==
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{{GSearch|Spermestes+bicolor Use "Spermestes bicolor" to }}
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{{GSearch|"Spermestes bicolor" {{!}} "Lonchura bicolor" {{!}} "Spermestes nigriceps" {{!}} "Lonchura nigriceps" {{!}} "Black-and-white Mannikin" {{!}} "Black-and-white Munia"}}
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{{GSearch|Lonchura+bicolor Use "Lonchura bicolor" to }}
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{{GS-checked}}
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{{GSearch|Spermestes+bicolor Use "Spermestes nigriceps" to }}
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<br />
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{{GSearch|Lonchura+bicolor Use "Lonchura nigriceps" to }}
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<br />
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[[Category:Birds]] [[Category:Spermestes]] [[Category:Missing Images]]
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[[Category:Birds]] [[Category:Spermestes]]

Latest revision as of 21:01, 12 December 2022

Alternative name: Black-and-white Munia

S. b. nigriceps
Photo by Alan Manson
Photo taken: Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
Spermestes bicolor

Lonchura bicolor
Includes Red-backed Mannikin (aka Brown-Backed Munia, Chestnut-backed Mannikin)

Identification

Length 9-10cm, mass 9g.

Adult: Head, nape, throat, upper breast and tail black. Mantle, back and lesser wing coverts are chestnut or black. The rump, flanks and flight-feather panel on folded wings are barred black and white and the lower breast, belly and undertail coverts are white. Bill blue-grey, eyes brown and legs and feet dark grey.

Immature (S. b. nigriceps): Birds moult gradually to adult plumage; the head and throat are mottled brown and black and are the last parts to gain adult colouring.

Distribution

Most of Africa south of the Sahara, except the easternmost parts. It is also found as an escapee all the way in Singapore. A bird was observed building a nest on a tree on May 17 in Singapore but breeding has yet to be confirmed.

Immature S. b. nigriceps
Photo by rudydbn

Taxonomy

Black-and-white Mannikin has five subspecies:1

  • S. b. bicolor
  • S. b. woltersi
  • Mantle, back and lesser wing coverts are black
  • South-eastern Zaire and north-western Zambia
  • S. b. poensis
  • S. b. nigriceps
  • S. b. minor
  • Mantle, back and lesser wing coverts are chestnut
  • Southern Somalia
  • Sometimes lumped with S. b. nigriceps

Some authorities separate nigriceps and minor as a separate species, Red-backed Mannikin S. nigriceps.2

Black-and-white Mannikin is sometimes placed in the genus Lonchura.

Habitat

Moist savanna and woodland, lowland moist forest, forest edges, parks, gardens.

Behaviour

Locally common; generally in small flocks. Forages both on the ground and from seed heads of standing grass.

Diet

Eats seeds of many species of grass; also small insects. Visits seed feeders, especially when natural sources of grass seed are limited (winter and spring in southern Africa). Also eats petals, nectar and filamentous algae from pools.

Breeding

The nest is an oval ball, generally of grass, but old-man's-beard (lichen of the genus Usnea) and wild asparagus stems are also used. Two to seven eggs are laid (October to May in southern Africa).

Vocalisation

The song is a short series of contact notes run together. Contact calls are soft kip (given with bill closed) and a short piping or whistling seeet seeet, usually given in flight; alarm call is a short harsh note.

References

  1. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2015. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2015, with updates to August 2015. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
  2. Dickinson EC (ed.) 2003. The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. 3rd ed. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, USA. ISBN 9780691117010
  3. Hockey PAR, Dean WRJ & Ryan PG (eds) 2005. Robert's Birds of Southern Africa, 7th edition. John Voelcker Bird Book Fund, Cape Town, South Africa. ISBN 0620340533
  4. Sinclair I & Ryan PG 2003. Birds of Africa South of the Sahara. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa. ISBN 0691118154

Recommended Citation

External Links

GSearch checked for 2020 platform.

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