(→External Links: Fixed another false positive) |
|||
| (9 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| − | [[Image:Carib_Grackle.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo | + | [[Image:Carib_Grackle.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Male<br />Photo by {{user|Bjorn+Svensson|Bjorn Svensson}}<br /> [[Venezuela]], January 2005]] |
;[[:Category:Quiscalus|Quiscalus]] lugubris | ;[[:Category:Quiscalus|Quiscalus]] lugubris | ||
| + | '''Includes: Barbados Grackle''' | ||
| + | ==Identification== | ||
| + | [[Image:Carib_Grackle_female_by_Tord.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Female<br />Photo by {{user|Tord|Tord}}<br /> [[Guadeloupe]], January 2012]] | ||
| + | 24-28 cm<br /> | ||
| + | '''Male''' is black with a metallic sheen that is either green, violet, or steel-blue. It has a tail that is V-shaped and whitish eyes.<br /> | ||
| + | The '''female''' has grayish underside, darker brownish-gray upperside and a light supercilium at least on some islands, while she is darker and even can have some glossy black areas on other islands.<br /> | ||
| − | + | Male is larger than female. | |
| − | |||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| − | Present in the [[Lesser Antilles]] from [[Anguilla]] and south - probably introduced on some of the northern islands including [[Antigua]] and [[Barbuda]]. Outside the [[Caribbean]], also present on [[Trinidad]], and Eastern [[Colombia]] through Northern [[Venezuela]] (including islands such as | + | Present in the [[Lesser Antilles]] from [[Anguilla]] and south - probably introduced on some of the northern islands including [[Antigua]] and [[Barbuda]]. Outside the [[Caribbean]], also present on [[Trinidad]], and Eastern [[Colombia]] through Northern [[Venezuela]] (including islands such as Isla Margarita etc), the [[Guianas]], and North-Eastern [[Brazil]]. |
==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
| − | Clements Checklist mentions 8 subspecies. According to Raffaele<sup>[[#References|1]]</sup>, the 5 Caribbean subspecies have different song dialects, and there is some differences in female plumage as well. Prime suspect for a future split? | + | [[Image:Carib_Grackle_fem-juv_P1100021.JPG|thumb|400px|right|Female or immature of a darker form (''inflexirostris'')<br />Photo by {{user|njlarsen|njlarsen}}<br /> [[St. Lucia]], April 2010]] |
| + | ====Subspecies<sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup>==== | ||
| + | Clements Checklist mentions 8 subspecies. | ||
| + | *''Q. l. guadeloupensis'': | ||
| + | :*[[Montserrat]], [[Guadeloupe]], Marie Galante, [[Dominica]] and [[Martinique]] | ||
| + | *''Q. l. inflexirostris'': | ||
| + | :*[[St. Lucia]] ([[Lesser Antilles]]) | ||
| + | *''Q. l. contrusus'': | ||
| + | :*[[St. Vincent]] ([[Lesser Antilles]]) | ||
| + | *''Q. l. luminosus'': | ||
| + | :*[[Lesser Antilles]] ([[Grenada]], the Grenadines and Islas Los Testigos) | ||
| + | *''Q. l. fortirostris'': | ||
| + | :*[[Barbados]]; introduced [[Barbuda]] and [[Antigua]] | ||
| + | *''Q. l. orquillensis'': | ||
| + | :*Islas Los Hermanos (off [[Venezuela]]) | ||
| + | *''Q. l. insularis'': | ||
| + | :*Isla Margarita and Islas Los Frailes (off [[Venezuela]]) | ||
| + | *''Q. l. lugubris'': | ||
| + | :*North-eastern [[Colombia]] to northern [[Venezuela]], the [[Guianas]] and north-eastern [[Brazil]]; [[Trinidad]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | According to Raffaele<sup>[[#References|1]]</sup>, the 5 Caribbean subspecies have different song dialects, and there is some differences in female plumage as well. Prime suspect for a future split? Some resources such as the field guide by Kirwan et al.<sup>[[#References|4]]</sup> indicates splitting of subspecies ''fortirostris'' and ''contrusus'' as Barbados Grackle, ''Quiscalus fortirostris''. | ||
| + | |||
==Habitat== | ==Habitat== | ||
Limited to open areas, including residential. | Limited to open areas, including residential. | ||
| − | |||
==Behaviour== | ==Behaviour== | ||
| − | It breeds in colonies. A deep cup nest is built in a tree | + | ====Breeding==== |
| − | + | It breeds in colonies. A deep cup nest is built in a tree. The 2-4 white eggs are incubated for 12 days. The young fledge 14 days later. | |
| + | ====Diet==== | ||
The diet includes insects and invertebrates. | The diet includes insects and invertebrates. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
# Raffaele et al. 1998. Birds of the West Indies. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0713649054 | # Raffaele et al. 1998. Birds of the West Indies. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0713649054 | ||
| + | #{{Ref-Clements6thOct22}}#{{Ref-GillDonskerRasmussen22V13.1}}#{{Ref-Kirwanetal19}} #Wikipedia | ||
| + | {{ref}} | ||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
| − | {{GSearch|Quiscalus | + | {{GSearch|"Quiscalus lugubris" {{!}} "Quiscalus fortirostris" {{!}} "Carib Grackle" {{!}} "Barbados Grackle" -cowbird -king}} |
| + | {{GS-checked}}1<br /><br /> | ||
| + | |||
[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Quiscalus]] | [[Category:Birds]][[Category:Quiscalus]] | ||
Latest revision as of 16:36, 15 February 2024
- Quiscalus lugubris
Includes: Barbados Grackle
Identification
24-28 cm
Male is black with a metallic sheen that is either green, violet, or steel-blue. It has a tail that is V-shaped and whitish eyes.
The female has grayish underside, darker brownish-gray upperside and a light supercilium at least on some islands, while she is darker and even can have some glossy black areas on other islands.
Male is larger than female.
Distribution
Present in the Lesser Antilles from Anguilla and south - probably introduced on some of the northern islands including Antigua and Barbuda. Outside the Caribbean, also present on Trinidad, and Eastern Colombia through Northern Venezuela (including islands such as Isla Margarita etc), the Guianas, and North-Eastern Brazil.
Taxonomy
Subspecies[2]
Clements Checklist mentions 8 subspecies.
- Q. l. guadeloupensis:
- Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Marie Galante, Dominica and Martinique
- Q. l. inflexirostris:
- Q. l. contrusus:
- Q. l. luminosus:
- Lesser Antilles (Grenada, the Grenadines and Islas Los Testigos)
- Q. l. fortirostris:
- Q. l. orquillensis:
- Islas Los Hermanos (off Venezuela)
- Q. l. insularis:
- Isla Margarita and Islas Los Frailes (off Venezuela)
- Q. l. lugubris:
According to Raffaele1, the 5 Caribbean subspecies have different song dialects, and there is some differences in female plumage as well. Prime suspect for a future split? Some resources such as the field guide by Kirwan et al.4 indicates splitting of subspecies fortirostris and contrusus as Barbados Grackle, Quiscalus fortirostris.
Habitat
Limited to open areas, including residential.
Behaviour
Breeding
It breeds in colonies. A deep cup nest is built in a tree. The 2-4 white eggs are incubated for 12 days. The young fledge 14 days later.
Diet
The diet includes insects and invertebrates.
References
- Raffaele et al. 1998. Birds of the West Indies. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0713649054
- Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- Gill, F, D Donsker, and P Rasmussen (Eds). 2023. IOC World Bird List (v 13.1)_red. Doi 10.14344/IOC.ML.13.1. http://www.worldbirdnames.org/
- Kirwan, GM, A Levesque, M Oberle, and CJ Sharpe. 2019. Birds of the West Indies. (Lynx and Birdlife International Field Guides) Barcalona, Lynx Editions. ISBN 978-84-16728-17-6
#Wikipedia
Recommended Citation
- BirdForum Opus contributors. (2024) Carib Grackle. In: BirdForum, the forum for wild birds and birding. Retrieved 29 April 2024 from https://www.birdforum.net/opus/Carib_Grackle
External Links
GSearch checked for 2020 platform.1
