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Difference between revisions of "Large-billed Crow" - BirdForum Opus

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[[Image:Large-billed_Crow.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Subspecies ''japonensis''<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|janha|janha}}<br />Shiba park, Tokyo, [[Japan]], 12 December 2005]]
 
'''Alternative names: Jungle Crow; Thick-billed Crow; Black Crow; Japanese Crow (''japonensis'', ''connectens'', ''osai''), Eastern Jungle Crow (''levaillantii''); Indian Jungle Crow (''culminatus'')'''
 
'''Alternative names: Jungle Crow; Thick-billed Crow; Black Crow; Japanese Crow (''japonensis'', ''connectens'', ''osai''), Eastern Jungle Crow (''levaillantii''); Indian Jungle Crow (''culminatus'')'''
−
[[Image:Large-billed_Crow.jpg|thumb|550px|right|subspecies ''japonensis''<br />Photo by {{user|janha|janha}}<br />Shiba park, Tokyo, [[Japan]], December 2005 ]]
 
 
;[[:Category:Corvus|Corvus]] macrorhynchos
 
;[[:Category:Corvus|Corvus]] macrorhynchos
 
==Identification==
 
==Identification==
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46 - 59cm. The different subspecies differ greatly in size.
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[[Image:Mandschuricus.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''mandshuricus''<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|ilovebird|Y. J. Choi}}<br />[[South Korea]], 4 February 2006]]
 +
46-59 cm (18-23&frac14; in). The different subspecies differ greatly in size.
 
* Long bill with the upper mandible quite thick and arched, making it look heavy. The bill size differs greatly with the subspecies.
 
* Long bill with the upper mandible quite thick and arched, making it look heavy. The bill size differs greatly with the subspecies.
 
* ''Macrorhynchus'' with a distinctively peaked forehead, other subspecies to a lesser extent
 
* ''Macrorhynchus'' with a distinctively peaked forehead, other subspecies to a lesser extent
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* Black legs and bill
 
* Black legs and bill
 
Sexes similar. Juveniles with less glossy plumage and a smoky blue iris.
 
Sexes similar. Juveniles with less glossy plumage and a smoky blue iris.
−
[[Image:Mandschuricus.jpg|thumb|350px|right|subspecies ''mandshuricus''<br />Photo by {{user|ilovebird|ilovebird}}<br />[[South Korea]]]]
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====Similar species====
 
====Similar species====
 
Very similar to [[Slender-billed Crow]]. Note the concealed culmen base in Large-billed Crow, the longer tail in flight and the more obviously fingered primaries. May also be confused with [[Carrion Crow]] and [[Common Raven]] in parts of its range.
 
Very similar to [[Slender-billed Crow]]. Note the concealed culmen base in Large-billed Crow, the longer tail in flight and the more obviously fingered primaries. May also be confused with [[Carrion Crow]] and [[Common Raven]] in parts of its range.
 +
 
==Distribution==  
 
==Distribution==  
 +
[[Image:331Dscn7222 Large-billed Crow.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''culminatus''<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|Dave+Smith|Dave Smith}}<br />[[Sri Lanka]], 30 August 2003]]
 
Found in south and east [[Asia]].<br />
 
Found in south and east [[Asia]].<br />
 
From [[Afghanistan]] over the [[India]]n Subcontinent, the [[Himalayas]] and central, south and east [[China]] to [[Korea]], the far east of [[Russia]] to [[Japan]]. Also to [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], [[Indochina]], peninsular [[Malaysia]] to [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], [[Borneo]] and the Sundas to [[Timor]] and Wetar. A regional form occurs on the [[Philippines]].<br />
 
From [[Afghanistan]] over the [[India]]n Subcontinent, the [[Himalayas]] and central, south and east [[China]] to [[Korea]], the far east of [[Russia]] to [[Japan]]. Also to [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], [[Indochina]], peninsular [[Malaysia]] to [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], [[Borneo]] and the Sundas to [[Timor]] and Wetar. A regional form occurs on the [[Philippines]].<br />
 
Common and widespread in most of its range. Rather rare in [[Borneo]]. Records from [[Iran]], north [[Afghanistan]], [[Turkmenistan]] and [[Tajikistan]] are probably erroneous.
 
Common and widespread in most of its range. Rather rare in [[Borneo]]. Records from [[Iran]], north [[Afghanistan]], [[Turkmenistan]] and [[Tajikistan]] are probably erroneous.
 
==Taxonomy==
 
==Taxonomy==
−
[[Image:331Dscn7222 Large-billed Crow.jpg|thumb|350px|right|subspecies ''culminatus''<br />Photo by {{user|Dave+Smith|Dave Smith}}<br />[[Sri Lanka]], August 2003]]
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Unresolved.  Varies by authority.  Pending further research, may be split into as many as four different species.
−
There are eleven subspecies in this taxon which could be split into several species in the future:
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[[Image:10256IMG 9763-800x600.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''philippinus''<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|Romy+Ocon|Romy Ocon}}<br />Subic rainforest, Zambales province, [[Philippines]], 22 June 2006]]
−
* ''Japonensis'' group
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====Subspecies====
−
** ''C. m. intermedius'' in east [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], along the Himalayas to south [[Tibet]] and north [[Nepal]]
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This is a [[Dictionary_P-S#P|polytypic]] species with 13 subspecies currently recognized<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>.
−
** ''C. m. tibetosinensis'' in [[Tibet]], eastern Himalayas (east from [[Bhutan]]), north [[Burma]] and extreme south [[China]]
+
* '''Large-billed group'''
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** ''C. m. mandshuricus'' in the [[Russia]]n Far East, [[Korea]], Sakhalin and northeast [[China]]
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** ''C. m. japonensis'' in Sakhalin, Kuril Islands and northern [[Japan]]ese Archipelago
−
** ''C. m. japonensis'' in [[Japan]] and south Sakhalin
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** ''C. m. connectens'' on southern Ryukyu Islands (Amami-O-Shima, Okinawa and Miyako-Jima)
−
** ''C. m. connectens'' on Amami Oshima and Ryukyu Island ([[Japan]])
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** ''C. m. osai'' on southern Ryukyu Islands (Ishigaki, Iriomote, Kohama, Kuru and Aragusuku)
−
** ''C. m. osai'' on southern Ryukyu Islands
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** ''C. m. mandshuricus'' in northeast Asia
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* ''Levaillantii'' group
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** ''C. m. colonorum'' in northern China to northern [[Indochina]] and [[Taiwan]]
−
** ''C. m. levaillantii'' in southeast [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], northeast [[India]], the [[Andamans]], [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], [[Indochina]] to northern peninsular [[Malaysia]]
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** ''C. m. hainanus'' in Hainan (southern [[China]])
−
** ''C. m. culminatus'' in peninsular [[India]], southwest [[Nepal]] and [[Sri Lanka]]
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** ''C. m. mengtszensis'' in southwest [[China]] (southern Yunnan)
−
** ''C. m. colonorum'' in central and south [[China]], [[Taiwan]], Hainan and northern [[Indochina]]
+
** ''C. m. tibetosinensis'' in eastern Himalayas to southeast [[Tibet]], northern [[Myanmar]] and western [[China]]  
−
* ''Macrorhynchos'' group
+
** ''C. m. intermedius'' in extreme eastern [[Iran]] to northwest [[India]] and western Himalayas
−
** ''C. m. macrorhynchos'' in peninsular [[Malaysia]], [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], [[Borneo]] and east to Wetar and [[Timor]]
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** ''C. m. macrorhynchos'' in southern Indochina, the Thai-Malay Peninsula, [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], and the Lesser Sundas 
−
* ''Philippinus'' group
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** ''C. m. philippinus'' in Philippine Islands
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** ''C. m. philippinus'' in [[Philippines]]
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* '''Indian Jumgle group'''
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More subspecies are proposed but usually not accepted. The taxonomy of this species is not yet solved.
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** ''C. m. culminatus'' in peninsular [[India]], and [[Sri Lanka]]
 +
* '''Eastern group'''
 +
** ''C. m. levaillantii'' in northeastern [[India]] (west to West Bengal) and eastern [[Nepal]] east to western [[Thailand]], and Andaman Islands
 +
 
 
==Habitat==
 
==Habitat==
−
[[Image:10256IMG 9763-800x600.jpg|thumb|350px|right|subspecies ''philippinus''<br />Photo by {{user|Romy+Ocon|Romy Ocon}}<br />Subic rainforest, Zambales province, [[Philippines]], June 2006 ]]
 
 
Woodland, parks and gardens. In north of range often near rivers and settlements near rivers.<br />
 
Woodland, parks and gardens. In north of range often near rivers and settlements near rivers.<br />
 
Up to 2000 m in [[Sri Lanka]], 4500m in Sikkim and 5000m in [[Tibet]]. Known to follow mountaineers as high as 6400m.
 
Up to 2000 m in [[Sri Lanka]], 4500m in Sikkim and 5000m in [[Tibet]]. Known to follow mountaineers as high as 6400m.
 
==Behaviour==
 
==Behaviour==
−
Feeds on carrion of all kinds. Forages along shorelines and roadsides, robs bird nests, steals food from vulture nests, kills palm-squirrels and rodents, frogs, lizards, crabs and insects. Takes also fruit, nectar and petals.<br />
+
Usually seen in pairs or family parties, often associating with other birds like [[House Crow]]
−
Usually seen in pairs or family parties, often associating with other birds like [[House Crow]].<br />
+
====Breeding====
−
The nest is a platform of twigs, usually high up on a tree with a preference for tall conifers like Fir or Pine. There are normally 3-5 eggs laid and they are incubated for 17-19 days. The young are fledged usually by about the 35th day. <br />
+
The nest is a platform of twigs, usually high up on a tree with a preference for tall conifers like Fir or Pine. There are normally 3-5 eggs laid and they are incubated for 17-19 days. The young are fledged usually by about the 35th day.
 +
====Diet====
 +
[[Image:thick-billed_crow_alok.JPG||thumb|350px|right|Subspecies'' intermedius''<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|aloktewari|Alok Tewari}}<br />Bairagarh, Dist. Chamba, Alt. 7900 ft, [[India]], 18 June 2014]]
 +
Feeds on carrion of all kinds. Forages along shorelines and roadsides, robs bird nests, steals food from vulture nests, kills palm-squirrels and rodents, frogs, lizards, crabs and insects. Takes also fruit, nectar and petals.
 +
====Movements====
 
A resident species. Birds of northern populations move to the coast (ice-free river-mouths) in winter.
 
A resident species. Birds of northern populations move to the coast (ice-free river-mouths) in winter.
 +
====Vocalisation====
 +
Complex, with variations within the vocabulary of each subspecies. Japanese birds give a variety of laughing and harsh, clear calls, hoarser than [Carrion Crow].
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
#{{Ref-Clements6thDec08}}#{{Ref-HBWVol14}}#{{Ref-RasmussenAnderton05}}
+
#{{Ref-Clements6thAug18}}#{{Ref-HBWVol14}}#{{Ref-RasmussenAnderton05}}#[http://www.birdforum.net/showthread.php?t=146179 Birdforum thread] discussing the large number of potential future splits of this species
 +
#Madge, S. (2019). Large-billed Crow (''Corvus macrorhynchos''). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from https://www.hbw.com/node/60796 on 2 April 2019).
 +
#Nelson, Mike (May 17, 2013). "Vocal variation and future splits of the Large-billed Crow complex". Xeno-Canto. Retrieved 3 June 2017
 
{{Ref}}
 
{{Ref}}
 +
 
==External Links==
 
==External Links==
−
{{GSearch|Corvus+macrorhynchos}}  
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{{GSearch|"Corvus macrorhynchos" {{!}} "Large-billed Crow" {{!}} "Thick-billed Crow" {{!}} "Japanese Crow" {{!}} "Black Crow" {{!}} "Eastern Jungle Crow" {{!}}  "Indian Jungle Crow"}}
−
[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Corvus]]
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<br />
 +
{{VSearch|"Corvus macrorhynchos" {{!}} "Large-billed Crow" {{!}} "Thick-billed Crow" {{!}} "Japanese Crow" {{!}} "Black Crow" {{!}} "Eastern Jungle Crow" {{!}}  "Indian Jungle Crow"}}
 +
{{GS-checked}}1
 +
<br />
 +
<br />
 +
 
 +
[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Corvus]] [[Category:Videos]]

Latest revision as of 14:31, 1 June 2023

Subspecies japonensis
Photo © by janha
Shiba park, Tokyo, Japan, 12 December 2005

Alternative names: Jungle Crow; Thick-billed Crow; Black Crow; Japanese Crow (japonensis, connectens, osai), Eastern Jungle Crow (levaillantii); Indian Jungle Crow (culminatus)

Corvus macrorhynchos

Identification

Subspecies mandshuricus
Photo © by Y. J. Choi
South Korea, 4 February 2006

46-59 cm (18-23¼ in). The different subspecies differ greatly in size.

  • Long bill with the upper mandible quite thick and arched, making it look heavy. The bill size differs greatly with the subspecies.
  • Macrorhynchus with a distinctively peaked forehead, other subspecies to a lesser extent
  • Dark greyish plumage from the back of the head, neck, shoulders and lower body. Almost black in Indian forms.
  • Wings, tail, face and throat are glossy black
  • Dark brown iris
  • Black legs and bill

Sexes similar. Juveniles with less glossy plumage and a smoky blue iris.

Similar species

Very similar to Slender-billed Crow. Note the concealed culmen base in Large-billed Crow, the longer tail in flight and the more obviously fingered primaries. May also be confused with Carrion Crow and Common Raven in parts of its range.

Distribution

Subspecies culminatus
Photo © by Dave Smith
Sri Lanka, 30 August 2003

Found in south and east Asia.
From Afghanistan over the Indian Subcontinent, the Himalayas and central, south and east China to Korea, the far east of Russia to Japan. Also to Burma, Thailand, Indochina, peninsular Malaysia to Sumatra, Java, Borneo and the Sundas to Timor and Wetar. A regional form occurs on the Philippines.
Common and widespread in most of its range. Rather rare in Borneo. Records from Iran, north Afghanistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan are probably erroneous.

Taxonomy

Unresolved. Varies by authority. Pending further research, may be split into as many as four different species.

Subspecies philippinus
Photo © by Romy Ocon
Subic rainforest, Zambales province, Philippines, 22 June 2006

Subspecies

This is a polytypic species with 13 subspecies currently recognized[1].

  • Large-billed group
    • C. m. japonensis in Sakhalin, Kuril Islands and northern Japanese Archipelago
    • C. m. connectens on southern Ryukyu Islands (Amami-O-Shima, Okinawa and Miyako-Jima)
    • C. m. osai on southern Ryukyu Islands (Ishigaki, Iriomote, Kohama, Kuru and Aragusuku)
    • C. m. mandshuricus in northeast Asia
    • C. m. colonorum in northern China to northern Indochina and Taiwan
    • C. m. hainanus in Hainan (southern China)
    • C. m. mengtszensis in southwest China (southern Yunnan)
    • C. m. tibetosinensis in eastern Himalayas to southeast Tibet, northern Myanmar and western China
    • C. m. intermedius in extreme eastern Iran to northwest India and western Himalayas
    • C. m. macrorhynchos in southern Indochina, the Thai-Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, and the Lesser Sundas
    • C. m. philippinus in Philippine Islands
  • Indian Jumgle group
  • Eastern group
    • C. m. levaillantii in northeastern India (west to West Bengal) and eastern Nepal east to western Thailand, and Andaman Islands

Habitat

Woodland, parks and gardens. In north of range often near rivers and settlements near rivers.
Up to 2000 m in Sri Lanka, 4500m in Sikkim and 5000m in Tibet. Known to follow mountaineers as high as 6400m.

Behaviour

Usually seen in pairs or family parties, often associating with other birds like House Crow

Breeding

The nest is a platform of twigs, usually high up on a tree with a preference for tall conifers like Fir or Pine. There are normally 3-5 eggs laid and they are incubated for 17-19 days. The young are fledged usually by about the 35th day.

Diet

Subspecies intermedius
Photo © by Alok Tewari
Bairagarh, Dist. Chamba, Alt. 7900 ft, India, 18 June 2014

Feeds on carrion of all kinds. Forages along shorelines and roadsides, robs bird nests, steals food from vulture nests, kills palm-squirrels and rodents, frogs, lizards, crabs and insects. Takes also fruit, nectar and petals.

Movements

A resident species. Birds of northern populations move to the coast (ice-free river-mouths) in winter.

Vocalisation

Complex, with variations within the vocabulary of each subspecies. Japanese birds give a variety of laughing and harsh, clear calls, hoarser than [Carrion Crow].

References

  1. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2018. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2018. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
  2. Del Hoyo, J, A Elliott, and D Christie, eds. 2009. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 14: Bush-shrikes to Old World Sparrows. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-8496553507
  3. Rasmussen, PC and JC Anderton. 2005. Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-8487334672
  4. Birdforum thread discussing the large number of potential future splits of this species
  5. Madge, S. (2019). Large-billed Crow (Corvus macrorhynchos). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from https://www.hbw.com/node/60796 on 2 April 2019).
  6. Nelson, Mike (May 17, 2013). "Vocal variation and future splits of the Large-billed Crow complex". Xeno-Canto. Retrieved 3 June 2017

Recommended Citation

External Links


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