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;[[: Category:Nucifraga|Nucifraga]] columbiana | ;[[: Category:Nucifraga|Nucifraga]] columbiana | ||
==Identification== | ==Identification== | ||
| − | Length: | + | Length: 27 - 30cm; weight: 106 - 161 g.<br> |
| − | Long, pointed bill. Pale gray plumage. White around base of bill and undertail coverts, black wings with white patch on secondaries, and black | + | Long, pointed bill. Pale gray body plumage. White around base of bill and undertail coverts, black wings with white patch on secondaries, and tail white below, black with white outer feathers above. |
====Similar Species==== | ====Similar Species==== | ||
| − | Most like [[Gray Jay]] but note the black wings and the longer bill. | + | Most like [[Gray Jay]] but note the black wings and the longer bill. Slightly smaller than its closest relative [[Eurasian Nutcracker]], but markedly different in plumage pattern. |
[[Image:10301Clark s NC juvenile.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Juvenile<br />Photo by {{user|digitalbirder|digitalbirder}}<br />Mountains of Southern [[British Columbia]], June 2004 ]] | [[Image:10301Clark s NC juvenile.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Juvenile<br />Photo by {{user|digitalbirder|digitalbirder}}<br />Mountains of Southern [[British Columbia]], June 2004 ]] | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| − | Rocky Mountains from | + | Occurs in the Rocky Mountains, Cascades, Sierra Nevada, and south California mountains from southwestern [[Canada]] to southwestern [[USA]], with an isolated population on Cerro Potosí in north-eastern [[Mexico]].<br /> |
| − | Locally common. | + | Locally common at subalpine elevations in pine forests. |
| − | ==== | + | ====Migration==== |
| − | + | Normally resident or locally dispersive over extensive home ranges. They sometimes move outward from their core range in large numbers (eruptive migration) during the fall if pine seed crops fail, with exceptional records as far east as Pennsylvania.<sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup> | |
==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
This is a [[Dictionary_M-O#M|monotypic]] species<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>. | This is a [[Dictionary_M-O#M|monotypic]] species<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>. | ||
==Habitat== | ==Habitat== | ||
| − | + | Normally confined to high elevation conifer forests, from 900 m in the north of the range, up to 3700 m in the south of the range. During eruptions, can be seen in valleys, open rocky areas and desert scrub, and as low as sea level on the Pacific coast.<sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup> | |
==Behaviour== | ==Behaviour== | ||
====Diet==== | ====Diet==== | ||
| − | Omnivorous. Feeds | + | Omnivorous. Feeds primarily on pine seeds when available, more rarely also other seeds and nuts, fruits, berries, insects, birds, eggs, amphibians, reptiles, and carrion and garbage. The most important seeds are of Whitebark Pine ''Pinus albicaulis'' and Limber Pine ''Pinus flexilis''; the Cerro Potosí population using the local endemic Potosí Pinyon ''Pinus culminicola''. Several other pines, including ''Pinus aristata'', ''Pinus edulis'' and ''Pinus monophylla'', are also used to a smaller extent. Stores seeds in autumn in holes, and has an exceptional spatial memory, able to remember the exact locations of thousands of food caches for up to 8-10 months with remarkable accuracy, and even able to locate them successfully under deep winter snow cover.<br /> |
| − | + | Often visits alpine picnic sites to feed on scraps, where it can be very tame; will also come to feeders for sunflower seeds and nuts during pine crop failures. | |
====Breeding==== | ====Breeding==== | ||
| − | Breeding season March | + | Breeding season from March to May, usually while snow cover still extensive at high altitudes. The nest is a coarse stick platform, placed in a clump of conifer trees, often near stored seeds. Lays usually 2 - 3 eggs. |
====Vocalisation==== | ====Vocalisation==== | ||
| − | Wide variation of vocalizations, most commonly a harsh '' | + | Wide variation of vocalizations, most commonly a harsh ''shraaaaaaaaaa'' with a rising inflection, one of the most iconic sounds of western American treeline forests. Also a call similar to that of a [[Indian Peafowl|Peacock]]. |
==References== | ==References== | ||
| − | #{{Ref-Clements6thAug13}}#{{Ref-HBWVol14}}#BF Member observations | + | #{{Ref-Clements6thAug13}}#{{Ref-HBWVol14}}#Lanner, R. M. (1996). ''Made for each other - a symbiosis of birds and pines''. OUP.#BF Member observations |
{{ref}} | {{ref}} | ||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
Revision as of 10:42, 11 July 2014
- Nucifraga columbiana
Identification
Length: 27 - 30cm; weight: 106 - 161 g.
Long, pointed bill. Pale gray body plumage. White around base of bill and undertail coverts, black wings with white patch on secondaries, and tail white below, black with white outer feathers above.
Similar Species
Most like Gray Jay but note the black wings and the longer bill. Slightly smaller than its closest relative Eurasian Nutcracker, but markedly different in plumage pattern.
Distribution
Occurs in the Rocky Mountains, Cascades, Sierra Nevada, and south California mountains from southwestern Canada to southwestern USA, with an isolated population on Cerro Potosí in north-eastern Mexico.
Locally common at subalpine elevations in pine forests.
Migration
Normally resident or locally dispersive over extensive home ranges. They sometimes move outward from their core range in large numbers (eruptive migration) during the fall if pine seed crops fail, with exceptional records as far east as Pennsylvania.[2]
Taxonomy
This is a monotypic species[1].
Habitat
Normally confined to high elevation conifer forests, from 900 m in the north of the range, up to 3700 m in the south of the range. During eruptions, can be seen in valleys, open rocky areas and desert scrub, and as low as sea level on the Pacific coast.[2]
Behaviour
Diet
Omnivorous. Feeds primarily on pine seeds when available, more rarely also other seeds and nuts, fruits, berries, insects, birds, eggs, amphibians, reptiles, and carrion and garbage. The most important seeds are of Whitebark Pine Pinus albicaulis and Limber Pine Pinus flexilis; the Cerro Potosí population using the local endemic Potosí Pinyon Pinus culminicola. Several other pines, including Pinus aristata, Pinus edulis and Pinus monophylla, are also used to a smaller extent. Stores seeds in autumn in holes, and has an exceptional spatial memory, able to remember the exact locations of thousands of food caches for up to 8-10 months with remarkable accuracy, and even able to locate them successfully under deep winter snow cover.
Often visits alpine picnic sites to feed on scraps, where it can be very tame; will also come to feeders for sunflower seeds and nuts during pine crop failures.
Breeding
Breeding season from March to May, usually while snow cover still extensive at high altitudes. The nest is a coarse stick platform, placed in a clump of conifer trees, often near stored seeds. Lays usually 2 - 3 eggs.
Vocalisation
Wide variation of vocalizations, most commonly a harsh shraaaaaaaaaa with a rising inflection, one of the most iconic sounds of western American treeline forests. Also a call similar to that of a Peacock.
References
- Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson. 2013. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.8., with updates to August 2013. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- Del Hoyo, J, A Elliott, and D Christie, eds. 2009. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 14: Bush-shrikes to Old World Sparrows. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-8496553507
- Lanner, R. M. (1996). Made for each other - a symbiosis of birds and pines. OUP.#BF Member observations
Recommended Citation
- BirdForum Opus contributors. (2024) Clark's Nutcracker. In: BirdForum, the forum for wild birds and birding. Retrieved 12 May 2024 from https://www.birdforum.net/opus/Clark%27s_Nutcracker
External Links
