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Difference between revisions of "Horned Lark" - BirdForum Opus

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;[[:Category:Eremophila|Eremophila]] alpestris
 
;[[:Category:Eremophila|Eremophila]] alpestris
 
==Identification==
 
==Identification==
−
[[Image:Eremophila flava by IanF.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Shore Lark ''E. a. flava'', adult<br />Photo by {{user|IanF|IanF}}<br />Seaton Carew, [[Durham]], UK; November 2013]]
+
 
 
====Adult====
 
====Adult====
 
*Pale or dark brown upperparts.
 
*Pale or dark brown upperparts.
Line 10: Line 10:
 
*Tail brown with white edges.  
 
*Tail brown with white edges.  
 
*Sexes are similar<br />
 
*Sexes are similar<br />
−
[[Image:Eremophila penicillata by baharro.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Caucasian Lark ''E. a. penicillata'', adult - note extensive black mask<br />Photo by {{user|baharro|baharro}}<br />Aladağlar National Park, Turkey; May 2006]]
 
−
[[Image:Juvshorelark.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''E. a. balcanica'', juvenile<br/>Photo by {{user|James+Thomas|James Thomas}}<br />[[Macedonia]]]]
 
 
====Juvenile====
 
====Juvenile====
 +
[[Image:Eremophila flava by IanF.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Shore Lark ''E. a. flava'', adult<br />Photo by {{user|IanF|IanF}}<br />Seaton Carew, [[Durham]], UK; November 2013]]
 
*White-spotted brown upperparts, head and face
 
*White-spotted brown upperparts, head and face
 
*White eyebrow
 
*White eyebrow
Line 24: Line 23:
  
 
Of interest as the sole species of a diverse Old World family to have colonised the New World; a similar example in reverse is the [[Eurasian Wren]].
 
Of interest as the sole species of a diverse Old World family to have colonised the New World; a similar example in reverse is the [[Eurasian Wren]].
 +
[[Image:Eremophila penicillata by baharro.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Caucasian Lark ''E. a. penicillata'', adult - note extensive black mask<br />Photo by {{user|baharro|baharro}}<br />Aladağlar National Park, Turkey; May 2006]]
 
====Subspecies====
 
====Subspecies====
−
*''atlas'' group ('''Atlas Lark''' ''E. atlas''; Atlas Mountains of northwest Africa; monotypic)
+
*''atlas'' group ('''Atlas Lark''' ''E. atlas''; Atlas Mountains of north-west Africa; [[Dictionary_M-S#M|Monotypic]].)
 
**''E. a. atlas'': Atlas Mountains of [[Morocco]]
 
**''E. a. atlas'': Atlas Mountains of [[Morocco]]
−
*''penicillata'' group ('''Caucasian Lark''' ''E. penicillata''; mountains of southeast Europe, southwest Asia; 5 subspecies)  
+
*''penicillata'' group ('''Caucasian Lark''' ''E. penicillata''; mountains of south-east Europe, south-west Asia; 5 subspecies)  
−
**''E. a. balcanica'': mountains of southeastern [[Europe]] ([[Romania]], [[Bulgaria]], former [[Yugoslavia]], and northern [[Greece]])
+
**''E. a. balcanica'': mountains of south-eastern [[Europe]] ([[Romania]], [[Bulgaria]], former [[Yugoslavia]], and northern [[Greece]])
 
**''E. a. kumerloevei'': west and central [[Asia Minor]]
 
**''E. a. kumerloevei'': west and central [[Asia Minor]]
−
**''E. a. bicornis'': [[Lebanon]] and southwestern [[Syria]]
+
**''E. a. bicornis'': [[Lebanon]] and south-western [[Syria]]
 
**''E. a. penicillata'': mountains of eastern [[Asia Minor]], the Caucasus and western [[Iran]]
 
**''E. a. penicillata'': mountains of eastern [[Asia Minor]], the Caucasus and western [[Iran]]
 
**''E. a. albigula'': mountains of northern and eastern [[Iran]] to Pamirs, [[Afghanistan]] and western [[China]]
 
**''E. a. albigula'': mountains of northern and eastern [[Iran]] to Pamirs, [[Afghanistan]] and western [[China]]
 
*''longirostris'' group ('''Himalayan Lark''' ''E. longirostris''; Sino-himalayan mountains; 7 subspecies)
 
*''longirostris'' group ('''Himalayan Lark''' ''E. longirostris''; Sino-himalayan mountains; 7 subspecies)
−
**''E. a. longirostris'': northwestern Himalaya
+
[[Image:Juvshorelark.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''E. a. balcanica'', juvenile<br/>Photo by {{user|James+Thomas|James Thomas}}<br />[[Macedonia]]]]
−
**''E. a. teleschowi'': mountains of western [[China]] (extreme southeastern Xinjiang)
+
**''E. a. longirostris'': north-western [[Himalayas]]
 +
**''E. a. teleschowi'': mountains of western [[China]] (extreme south-eastern Xinjiang)
 
**''E. a. argalea'': western [[China]] (extreme sw Xinjiang) to northwestern [[India]] (Kashmir to Ladakh)
 
**''E. a. argalea'': western [[China]] (extreme sw Xinjiang) to northwestern [[India]] (Kashmir to Ladakh)
 
**''E. a. elwesi'': western [[China]] (southern Qinghai and southern [[Tibet]]) to northern Sikkim
 
**''E. a. elwesi'': western [[China]] (southern Qinghai and southern [[Tibet]]) to northern Sikkim
−
**''E. a. khamensis'': southwestern [[China]] (Kham region of western and southern Sichuan)
+
**''E. a. khamensis'': south-western [[China]] (Kham region of western and southern Sichuan)
 
**''E. a. nigrifrons'': western [[China]] (Kokonor to western Gansu)
 
**''E. a. nigrifrons'': western [[China]] (Kokonor to western Gansu)
−
**''E. a. przewalskii'': western [[China]] (northwestern Qinghai)
+
**''E. a. przewalskii'': western [[China]] (north-western Qinghai)
 
*''flava'' group ('''Shore Lark''' ''E. flava''; arctic Eurasia; monotypic)
 
*''flava'' group ('''Shore Lark''' ''E. flava''; arctic Eurasia; monotypic)
 
**''E. a. flava'': arctic Eurasia
 
**''E. a. flava'': arctic Eurasia
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*''alpestris'' group ('''Horned Lark''' ''E. alpestris''; Americas; 27 subspecies)
 
*''alpestris'' group ('''Horned Lark''' ''E. alpestris''; Americas; 27 subspecies)
 
**''E. a. hoyti'': arctic coast of [[North America]] to southern [[Canada]]; winters to northern [[US]]
 
**''E. a. hoyti'': arctic coast of [[North America]] to southern [[Canada]]; winters to northern [[US]]
−
**''E. a. alpestris'': arctic northeastern [[Canada]] to [[Newfoundland]]; winters coastal southeastern [[US]]
+
**''E. a. alpestris'': arctic north-eastern [[Canada]] to [[Newfoundland]]; winters coastal south-eastern [[US]]
−
**''E. a. praticola'': southeastern [[Canada]] to central and east-central [[US]]
+
**''E. a. praticola'': south-eastern [[Canada]] to central and east-central [[US]]
−
**''E. a. giraudi'': coastal prairie region of southeastern [[Texas]] to eastern [[Mexico]] (north-eastern Tamaulipas)<br />
+
**''E. a. giraudi'': coastal prairie region of south-eastern [[Texas]] to eastern [[Mexico]] (north-eastern Tamaulipas)<br />
 
**''E. a. arcticola'': north [[Alaska]] to mountains of [[British Columbia]] and northern [[Washington]]
 
**''E. a. arcticola'': north [[Alaska]] to mountains of [[British Columbia]] and northern [[Washington]]
−
**''E. a. alpina'': arctic-alpine summits of northwestern [[US]] (Mount Rainier and Mount St. Helens)
+
**''E. a. alpina'': arctic-alpine summits of north-western [[US]] (Mount Rainier and Mount St. Helens)
−
**''E. a. leucolaema'': southern [[Canada]] to southwestern [[US]] and north-western [[Texas]]; winters north-western [[Mexico]]
+
**''E. a. leucolaema'': southern [[Canada]] to south-western [[US]] and north-western [[Texas]]; winters north-western [[Mexico]]
 
**''E. a. enthymia'': great Plains of central [[Canada]] to central [[US]]; winters northern [[Mexico]]
 
**''E. a. enthymia'': great Plains of central [[Canada]] to central [[US]]; winters northern [[Mexico]]
−
**''E. a. merrilli'': eastern slope of Cascades and adjacent lowlands from [[British Columbia]] to northeastern [[California]]
+
**''E. a. merrilli'': eastern slope of Cascades and adjacent lowlands from [[British Columbia]] to north-eastern [[California]]
−
**''E. a. lamprochroma'': south-eastern [[Oregon]] to southwestern [[Idaho]], north-eastern [[California]] and western [[Nevada]]
+
**''E. a. lamprochroma'': south-eastern [[Oregon]] to south-western [[Idaho]], north-eastern [[California]] and western [[Nevada]]
 
**''E. a. utahensis'': south-central [[Idaho]] to east-central [[Nevada]] and west-central [[Utah]]
 
**''E. a. utahensis'': south-central [[Idaho]] to east-central [[Nevada]] and west-central [[Utah]]
−
**''E. a. ammophila'': deserts of southwestern [[Nevada]] and south-eastern [[California]]; winters northwestern [[Mexico]]
+
**''E. a. ammophila'': deserts of south-western [[Nevada]] and south-eastern [[California]]; winters north-western [[Mexico]]
−
**''E. a. leucansiptila'': [[Colorado]] Desert (south-western [[Nevada]], western [[Arizona]], northeastern [[Baja California]] and northwestern Sonora)
+
**''E. a. leucansiptila'': [[Colorado]] Desert (south-western [[Nevada]], western [[Arizona]], north-eastern [[Baja California]] and north-western Sonora)
 
**''E. a. occidentalis'': northern and central [[Arizona]] to north-central [[New Mexico]]; winters northern [[Mexico]]<br />
 
**''E. a. occidentalis'': northern and central [[Arizona]] to north-central [[New Mexico]]; winters northern [[Mexico]]<br />
 
**''E. a. strigata'': humid coastal belt of south-western [[British Columbia]] and north-western [[US]] west of the Cascades
 
**''E. a. strigata'': humid coastal belt of south-western [[British Columbia]] and north-western [[US]] west of the Cascades
−
**''E. a. sierrae'': mountains of northeastern [[California]] (southern Cascades and northern Sierra Nevada)
+
**''E. a. sierrae'': mountains of north-eastern [[California]] (southern Cascades and northern Sierra Nevada)
 
**''E. a. rubea'': central [[California]] (Sacramento Valley)
 
**''E. a. rubea'': central [[California]] (Sacramento Valley)
 
**''E. a. actia'': coastal range of southern [[California]] (Humboldt Co.) to northern [[Baja California]]
 
**''E. a. actia'': coastal range of southern [[California]] (Humboldt Co.) to northern [[Baja California]]
 
**''E. a. insularis'': channel Islands (off southern [[California]])
 
**''E. a. insularis'': channel Islands (off southern [[California]])
−
**''E. a. adusta'': south [[Arizona]] (south of Tucson) to extreme southwestern [[New Mexico]] and northern Sonora
+
**''E. a. adusta'': south [[Arizona]] (south of Tucson) to extreme south-western [[New Mexico]] and northern Sonora
 
**''E. a. enertera'': west-central [[Baja California]] and coastal islands southern of Magdalena Bay
 
**''E. a. enertera'': west-central [[Baja California]] and coastal islands southern of Magdalena Bay
−
**''E. a. aphrasta'': northwestern [[Mexico]] (Chihuahua and Durango)
+
**''E. a. aphrasta'': north-western [[Mexico]] (Chihuahua and Durango)
−
**''E. a. lactea'': northeastern [[Mexico]] (Coahuila)
+
**''E. a. lactea'': north-eastern [[Mexico]] (Coahuila)
−
**''E. a. diaphora'': northeastern [[Mexico]] (southeastern Coahuila to southern Tamaulipas, Hidalgo and northeastern Puebla)
+
**''E. a. diaphora'': north-eastern [[Mexico]] (south-eastern Coahuila to southern Tamaulipas, Hidalgo and north-eastern Puebla)
 
**''E. a. chrysolaema'': southern [[Mexico|Mexican Plateau]] (Jalisco to Michoacán, Puebla and Veracruz)
 
**''E. a. chrysolaema'': southern [[Mexico|Mexican Plateau]] (Jalisco to Michoacán, Puebla and Veracruz)
 
**''E. a. oaxacae'': southern [[Mexico]] (east Oaxaca)
 
**''E. a. oaxacae'': southern [[Mexico]] (east Oaxaca)
Line 83: Line 84:
 
''[[Media:Eremophila alpestris (song).mp3|Listen in an external program]]''
 
''[[Media:Eremophila alpestris (song).mp3|Listen in an external program]]''
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
#{{Ref-Clements6thDec09}}#Drovetski, S. V., Raković, M., Semenov, G., Fadeev, I. V., & Red'kin, Y. A. (2014). Limited phylogeographic signal in sex-linked and autosomal loci despite geographically, ecologically, and phenotypically concordant structure of mtDNA variation in the Holarctic avian genus ''Eremophila''. ''PLoS ONE'' 9 (1): [http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0087570&representation=PDF e87570].
+
#{{Ref-Clements6thAug14}}#Drovetski, S. V., Raković, M., Semenov, G., Fadeev, I. V., & Red'kin, Y. A. (2014). Limited phylogeographic signal in sex-linked and autosomal loci despite geographically, ecologically, and phenotypically concordant structure of mtDNA variation in the Holarctic avian genus ''Eremophila''. ''PLoS ONE'' 9 (1): [http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0087570&representation=PDF e87570].
 
#[http://www.birdforum.net/showthread.php?t=158417 Birdforum thread] discussing taxonomy of Horned Larks (post #20 ''et seq''. for recent research)
 
#[http://www.birdforum.net/showthread.php?t=158417 Birdforum thread] discussing taxonomy of Horned Larks (post #20 ''et seq''. for recent research)
 
{{ref}}
 
{{ref}}

Revision as of 19:30, 15 June 2015

Horned Lark E. a. alpestris, adult
Photo by kegressy
Fisherville, Ontario, Canada

Includes: Shore Lark

Eremophila alpestris

Identification

Adult

  • Pale or dark brown upperparts.
  • White underparts.
  • White or pale yellow face and throat with black mask, collar, and ear tufts.
  • Tail brown with white edges.
  • Sexes are similar

Juvenile

Shore Lark E. a. flava, adult
Photo by IanF
Seaton Carew, Durham, UK; November 2013
  • White-spotted brown upperparts, head and face
  • White eyebrow
  • No ear tufts
  • White underparts with faintly spotted breast

Distribution

Circumpolar; tundra, and south in mountain plateaux, plains and semi-deserts to the Atlas Mountains in northwest Africa, the Balkans in Europe, the Zagros and Himalaya in Asia, and the northernmost Andes in the Americas. Arctic populations are strongly migratory, while southern mountain populations are resident or short-distance altitudinal migrants.

Taxonomy

Complex. The currently accepted broad circumscription of a single species with 42 subspecies[1] has recently been shown to leave the species paraphyletic with respect to the closely related Temminck's Lark[2]; a split into six species (as arranged below) is likely to be accepted formally in the near future.

Of interest as the sole species of a diverse Old World family to have colonised the New World; a similar example in reverse is the Eurasian Wren.

Caucasian Lark E. a. penicillata, adult - note extensive black mask
Photo by baharro
Aladağlar National Park, Turkey; May 2006

Subspecies

  • atlas group (Atlas Lark E. atlas; Atlas Mountains of north-west Africa; Monotypic.)
    • E. a. atlas: Atlas Mountains of Morocco
  • penicillata group (Caucasian Lark E. penicillata; mountains of south-east Europe, south-west Asia; 5 subspecies)
  • longirostris group (Himalayan Lark E. longirostris; Sino-himalayan mountains; 7 subspecies)
E. a. balcanica, juvenile
Photo by James Thomas
Macedonia
    • E. a. longirostris: north-western Himalayas
    • E. a. teleschowi: mountains of western China (extreme south-eastern Xinjiang)
    • E. a. argalea: western China (extreme sw Xinjiang) to northwestern India (Kashmir to Ladakh)
    • E. a. elwesi: western China (southern Qinghai and southern Tibet) to northern Sikkim
    • E. a. khamensis: south-western China (Kham region of western and southern Sichuan)
    • E. a. nigrifrons: western China (Kokonor to western Gansu)
    • E. a. przewalskii: western China (north-western Qinghai)
  • flava group (Shore Lark E. flava; arctic Eurasia; monotypic)
    • E. a. flava: arctic Eurasia
  • brandti group (Steppe Lark E. brandti; central Asia; monotypic)
    • E. a. brandti: steppes of central Asia to mountains of western Mongolia and northern China
  • alpestris group (Horned Lark E. alpestris; Americas; 27 subspecies)
    • E. a. hoyti: arctic coast of North America to southern Canada; winters to northern US
    • E. a. alpestris: arctic north-eastern Canada to Newfoundland; winters coastal south-eastern US
    • E. a. praticola: south-eastern Canada to central and east-central US
    • E. a. giraudi: coastal prairie region of south-eastern Texas to eastern Mexico (north-eastern Tamaulipas)
    • E. a. arcticola: north Alaska to mountains of British Columbia and northern Washington
    • E. a. alpina: arctic-alpine summits of north-western US (Mount Rainier and Mount St. Helens)
    • E. a. leucolaema: southern Canada to south-western US and north-western Texas; winters north-western Mexico
    • E. a. enthymia: great Plains of central Canada to central US; winters northern Mexico
    • E. a. merrilli: eastern slope of Cascades and adjacent lowlands from British Columbia to north-eastern California
    • E. a. lamprochroma: south-eastern Oregon to south-western Idaho, north-eastern California and western Nevada
    • E. a. utahensis: south-central Idaho to east-central Nevada and west-central Utah
    • E. a. ammophila: deserts of south-western Nevada and south-eastern California; winters north-western Mexico
    • E. a. leucansiptila: Colorado Desert (south-western Nevada, western Arizona, north-eastern Baja California and north-western Sonora)
    • E. a. occidentalis: northern and central Arizona to north-central New Mexico; winters northern Mexico
    • E. a. strigata: humid coastal belt of south-western British Columbia and north-western US west of the Cascades
    • E. a. sierrae: mountains of north-eastern California (southern Cascades and northern Sierra Nevada)
    • E. a. rubea: central California (Sacramento Valley)
    • E. a. actia: coastal range of southern California (Humboldt Co.) to northern Baja California
    • E. a. insularis: channel Islands (off southern California)
    • E. a. adusta: south Arizona (south of Tucson) to extreme south-western New Mexico and northern Sonora
    • E. a. enertera: west-central Baja California and coastal islands southern of Magdalena Bay
    • E. a. aphrasta: north-western Mexico (Chihuahua and Durango)
    • E. a. lactea: north-eastern Mexico (Coahuila)
    • E. a. diaphora: north-eastern Mexico (south-eastern Coahuila to southern Tamaulipas, Hidalgo and north-eastern Puebla)
    • E. a. chrysolaema: southern Mexican Plateau (Jalisco to Michoacán, Puebla and Veracruz)
    • E. a. oaxacae: southern Mexico (east Oaxaca)
    • E. a. peregrina: eastern Andes of Colombia

Habitat

Arctic and alpine tundra, plains, fields, and beaches.

Behaviour

Diet

Adults' diet includes weed and grass seeds; insects are fed to the young.

Vocalisation

<flashmp3>Eremophila alpestris (song).mp3</flashmp3>
Listen in an external program

References

  1. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2014. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.9., with updates to August 2014. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
  2. Drovetski, S. V., Raković, M., Semenov, G., Fadeev, I. V., & Red'kin, Y. A. (2014). Limited phylogeographic signal in sex-linked and autosomal loci despite geographically, ecologically, and phenotypically concordant structure of mtDNA variation in the Holarctic avian genus Eremophila. PLoS ONE 9 (1): e87570.
  3. Birdforum thread discussing taxonomy of Horned Larks (post #20 et seq. for recent research)

Recommended Citation

External Links


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