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Thraupidae (1 Viewer)

Report of bilateral gynandromorphy in a Green Honeycreeper (Chlorophanes spiza) from Colombia​


ABSTRACT​


We report recent sightings, substantiated by color photographs and a short video, of a bilateral gynandromoph of the Green Honeycreeper (Chlorophanes spiza) from Villamaría, in the department of Caldas, Colombia. The bird exhibited typical male plumage on its right side and female plumage on the left. It was present for at least 21 months, and its behavior largely matched that of other wild Green Honeycreepers, although it often waited until they were gone before feeding on fruit that was put out daily by the property owners. We provide a comprehensive list and review of previous records of passerine bilateral gynandromorphy, noting which sex’s plumage occurred on the left side. We observe that female plumage is possible on either side, supporting the double-fertilization model of bilateral gynandromorphy.


 

Report of bilateral gynandromorphy in a Green Honeycreeper (Chlorophanes spiza) from Colombia​





Interesting! for a short explanation of the condition: Dictionary G-L - BirdForum Opus
 
Turner, A.A., N. Trujillo-Arias, and G.S. Cabanne (2023)
Historical demography of Trichothraupis melanops (Aves: Thraupidae) and the Pleistocene Atlantic Forest biogeography
El Hornero 38: 7-17
doi: 10.56178/eh.v38i2.1431

The climatic cycles of the Pleistocene affected the distribution of the vegetation of different biomes, determining the distribution and evolution of the associated fauna. Many studies of Atlantic Forest (AF) organisms suggest that the Pleistocene glacial and interglacial cycles have produced demographically stable populations in the forest’s central region and unstable populations in its southern regions (known as the Carnaval-Moritz model). We studied the phylogeographic structure of an AF passerine, the Black-goggled Tanager (Trichothraupis melanops, Thraupidae) and evaluated questions related to the history of the AF. We analyzed three independent genes, two nuclear and one mitochondrial, using population genetic methods based on summary statistics and traditional phylogeographic methods. Our results suggest that T. melanops shares phylogeographic features with other AF taxa. Even though an effective population size gradient was found between the central and southern populations, which is in agreement with the results of other phylogeographic studies and the forest refugia model (the Carnaval-Moritz model), there is no evidence of a gradient of genetic diversity. In addition, we have found that T. melanops populations show the demographic dynamics expected according to the Carnaval-Moritz model: the inland-southern population was found to be the one with the greatest signs of recent demographic expansion, compared to the central and coastal-southern populations. Although this species is ecologically generalist and not very sensitive to forest fragmentation and degradation, it has been impacted by the historical dynamism of the AF.
 
There is an interesting figure, unfortunately it is too blurry to draw anything from it

"We used a species-level timetree of Thraupidae from Burns et al. (2014). [...] A secondary node calibration (~12 Mya) from Barker et al. (2013, 2015) was used to obtain absolute divergence times."

The tree in this figure is presumably identical to the tree show in Fig. 1A of Burns et al 2014 :
...with the age of (the basal-most split in ?) Thraupidae set to 12 Mya, this being the approximate age suggested by the two Baker et al. papers :
 
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What is the current scientific name of the "Chipiu, proprement dit" (page 289) described below from D'Azara ?

« Le dessous du cou et du corps , ainsi que les couvertures inférieures des ailes , est d'un jaune foncé ; mais il y a une petite tache blanche sur le ventre ; du blanc termine les couvertures de la queue , et du brun jaunâtre couvre la face extérieure des jambes. Un trait jaune qui prend naissance à la narine , passe au-dessus de l'œil ; les plumes du sommet de la tête sont noirâtres , et bordées de jaune ; elles prennent une teinte plombée sur l'occiput et le derrière du cou , comme sur les côtés de la tête ; mais l'oreille est brune , et au-dessous de l'œil on remarque une petite tache d'un blanc jaunâtre. Le dos et le croupion sont d'un jaune mêlé de brun. Les petites couvertures supérieures des ailes sont brunes , et largement bordées de jaune ; le haut du dos , la queue , et les grandes couvertures des parties internes de l'aile , ont une teinte rembrunie et une bordure blanchâtre ; les couvertures des parties externes et toutes les pennes des ailes , sont noirâtres , avec un liseré jaune aux pennes extérieures , et blanchâtre aux intérieures. Le tarse est olivâtre , et le bec noirâtre en dessus et blanchâtre en dessous. »
"The underside of the neck and body, as well as the lower wing coverts, is a dark yellow; but there is a small white spot on the belly; white finishes the tail coverts, and yellowish brown covers the outer surface of the legs. A yellow line which begins at the nostril passes above the eye; the feathers on the top of the head are blackish, and edged with yellow; they take on a leaden color on the occiput and the back of the neck, as well as on the sides of the head; but the ear is brown, and below the eye we notice a small yellowish white spot. The back and rump are yellow mixed with brown. The small upper wing coverts are brown, and broadly edged with yellow; the upper back, the tail, and the greater coverts of the inner parts of the wing, have a brownish tint and a whitish border; the coverts of the external parts and all the pinnae of the wings are blackish, with a yellow border on the outer pinnae, and whitish on the inner ones. The tarsus is olive-colored, and the bill blackish above and whitish below."

 
It could be Poospiza nigrorufa, which fits the description of the markings, but not of the colours (to me, anyway). More likely that's the Chipiu noir-et-rougeatre (nr 142).
But I also find it listed as possibly "Sycalis arvensis Kittl.", whatever that may be...
https://ia902806.us.archive.org/14/items/biostor-141182/biostor-141182.pdf (nr. 132)
According to one source, that should be Sporophila nigricollis which does not fit the description at all.
Sicalis luteola does not fit either.
 
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The Key has:
Chipiu (Thraupidae; syn. Poospiza † Black-and-rufous Warblingfinch P. nigrorufa) “CHIPÍU ... Su voz apelativa dice chipíu, y le dan este nombre por excelencia.” (de Azara, 1802, Apunt. Historia Natural Páxaros Paragüay, I, p. 475, no. CXXXII); “989. Poospiza, Caban. (Chipiu, Azara, - Pipilo, p. Gr.) America mer. 10. 1. EMBERIZA nigro-rufa, Orb.” (Bonaparte, 1850, Conspectus Generum Avium, I (II), p. 472). McGregor, 1920, Index Genera Birds, p. 38, gives some sort of authority to Bonaparte’s nom. nud. (based solely on de Azara’s vernacular). Burmeister, 1861, Reise La Plata, II, p. 489, identifies Chipiu with Sicalis luteiventris (now treated as a subsp. of the Grassland Yellowfinch Sicalis luteola), but de Azara’s description better fits this warblingfinch.
 
Original text : Apuntamientos para la historia natural de los páxaros del Paragüay y Rio de la Plata

NÚM. CXXXII.
DEL CHIPíU.

Es muy comun en todas partes, y el que mas se interna en los campos: tambien habita las quintas, y aun los pueblos en invierno, viviendo en sociedades, á veces tan numerosas, que casi se tocan los individuos quando se posan sin ocultarse en los árboles y matorrales; de modo que Noseda mató quarenta de un tiro. Su voz apelativa dice chipíu, y le dan este nombre por excelencia. Vive en jaula con maiz quebrado y qualquiera semilla, aunque le cojan adulto; y canta bien. Vuela con violencia y á veces con bastante elevacion.

Longitud 5 pulgadas: cola 2: braza 8½. Toda la garganta, y hasta la cola, con las tapadas, son de un amarillo fuerte, no tan vivo en éstas, y algo opaco en los costados; pero hácia lo baxo de la garganta hace la opacidad una especie de gola, que no cierra. Ademas en el vientre se advierte una manchita blanca. De allí atras lo amarillo es mas caido: terminan los timoneles con las puntas blancas; y el costado externo de las piernas es pardo amarillazo. De la nariz principia una tirita amarilla, que pasa por la ceja y va pardeando en razon que va para atras. Sobre la cabeza desde el pico hay plumas que tienen los centros obscuros y las bordas amarillas ; pero este color va degenerando en pardo: de modo que el cogote y pestorejo son ya de un pardo aplomado en que apénas se percibe la obscuridad de los centros. Esto mismo sucede al costado de la cabeza; pero el pido es pardo, y baxo del ojo hay una manchita amarilla blanquizca. El lomo y rabadilla son de un amarillo pardo: las cobijas menores obscuras muy ribeteadas de amarillo; y la espalda, cola, sus timoneles superiores y los tres mayores órdenes de cobijas en los trozos internos, tienen las plumas pardas obscuras con las bordas blanquizcas. Las cobijas del trozo externo y todos los remos obscuros, con sutiles ribetes amarillos en los trozos externos, y blanquecinos en el interior.

La hembra es poquito menor, y se diferencia en que todo lo inferior es blanquizco, con el pecho y bordas de las tapadas color de caña, y baxo de la cabeza y timoneles inferiores blancos. Ademas la manchita que sale de la nariz es blanquizca parda, como todas las bordas en la cabeza y cobijas: las de los remos del trozo medio son amarillentas, el lomo y rabadilla par dos poco amarillazos, y el resto, como el macho.

Remos 18, fuertes y tendidos, el primero y segundo mayores: cola 12 plumas en escalerilla, la interna 3 lineas mas breve, todas angostas agudas y fuertes: pierna 12½; tarso 8½, trigueñas: dedo medio 6½: pico 4½, alto y ancho 3, obscuro arriba, blanquizco abaxo.

**********************

Azara's descriptions are always quite technical (and his Spanish may be a bit dated ?) -- I always struggle a bit to translate them. Thus if anything below is a bit off, feel free to correct it. Anyway, more or less :

NO. CXXXII.
OF THE CHIPÍU.

It is very common everywhere, and the one that penetrates most into the fields: it also inhabits the country houses, and even the towns in winter, living in societies, sometimes so numerous, that the individuals almost touch each other when they land without hiding in the trees and bushes; so that Noseda killed forty in one shot. Its calling voice says chipíu, and gives it this name par excellence. It lives in cage on broken corn and any seeds, even if caught as an adult; and sings well. It flies violently and sometimes quite high.

Length 5 inches: tail 2: span 8½. The entire throat, and down to the tail, including the underwing, are a strong yellow, not so bright in the latter, and somewhat dull on the flanks; but towards the lower throat the dullness forms a kind of collar, which does not close. Also, on the belly, there is a small white spot. From there behind the yellow is weaker: the feathers end with white tips; and the outer side of the thighs is yellowish brown. A yellow stripe starts from the nostril, which passes through the brow and turns brown as it goes backwards. On the cap from the beak, there are feathers that have dark centres and yellow edges; but this color turns into brown: so that the nape and neck are already a leaden brown in which the darkness of the centres can barely be perceived. This same thing happens on the side of the head; but the ear is brown, and under the eye there is a small whitish yellow spot. The mantle and rump are brownish yellow: the smaller coverts are dark, strongly edged with yellow; and the back, tail, its upper coverts and the three large rows of coverts in the inner wing, have the feathers dark brown with whitish edges. The coverts on the outer wing and all the remiges are dark, with the edges subtly yellow on the outside, and whitish on the inside.

The female is slightly smaller, and she differs in that the entire underparts are whitish, with the chest and border of the underwing cane-coloured, and the lower head and lower feathers white. Furthermore, the small spot that starts from the nostril is whitish-brown, like all the fringes on the head and covers: those on the middle remiges are yellowish, the back and rump are slightly yellowish, and the rest, like the male.

18 remiges, strong and straight, the first and second longest: tail with 12 feathers in a ladder, the inner one 3 lines shorter, all narrow sharp and strong: leg 12½; tarsus 8½, dark: middle finger 6½: bill 4½, height and width 3, dark above, whitish below.

********************

For me clearly some kind of Sicalis (or something similar, but then I cannot really figure what -- yellow and brownish males, duller females, forming large mobile flocks in the countryside). I just cannot turn that into any warbling-finch.

XC31723 Grassland Yellow Finch (Sicalis luteola) ?
 
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I don't know if this helps, but it does seem related:

From Argentine Ornithology Vol 1 by Sclater and Hudson:

51. SPERMOPHILA PALUSTRIS, Barrows.​

"It is just possible that Mr. Barrows’s Finch may be Azara’s unidentified Chipiu pardo y canela (Apuntamientos, vol. i. no. 143), which has the same habits, living in the dense reed-beds of the Paraguayan marshes, and is also a delightful singer,—superior to the Goldfinch or Canary, Azara says."
 
I don't know if this helps, but it does seem related:

From Argentine Ornithology Vol 1 by Sclater and Hudson:

51. SPERMOPHILA PALUSTRIS, Barrows.​

"It is just possible that Mr. Barrows’s Finch may be Azara’s unidentified Chipiu pardo y canela (Apuntamientos, vol. i. no. 143), which has the same habits, living in the dense reed-beds of the Paraguayan marshes, and is also a delightful singer,—superior to the Goldfinch or Canary, Azara says."
In this book, d'Azara described many Chipiu but one was considered as the true Chipiu by him because, here again, the name transcribed its cry.

In French nomenclature, the name Chipiu is given to Poospizinae species, especially Poospiza, and it's a bit problematic because if none of them are the Chipiu properly speaking but a species from another subfamily, I don't have any other name for Poospizinae (I don't want name duplication and polyphyletic uses, and I would like to avoid using the name "Tangara" undiscerningly)
 
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Original text : Apuntamientos para la historia natural de los páxaros del Paragüay y Rio de la Plata

NÚM. CXXXII.
DEL CHIPíU.

Es muy comun en todas partes, y el que mas se interna en los campos: tambien habita las quintas, y aun los pueblos en invierno, viviendo en sociedades, á veces tan numerosas, que casi se tocan los individuos quando se posan sin ocultarse en los árboles y matorrales; de modo que Noseda mató quarenta de un tiro. Su voz apelativa dice chipíu, y le dan este nombre por excelencia. Vive en jaula con maiz quebrado y qualquiera semilla, aunque le cojan adulto; y canta bien. Vuela con violencia y á veces con bastante elevacion.

Longitud 5 pulgadas: cola 2: braza 8½. Toda la garganta, y hasta la cola, con las tapadas, son de un amarillo fuerte, no tan vivo en éstas, y algo opaco en los costados; pero hácia lo baxo de la garganta hace la opacidad una especie de gola, que no cierra. Ademas en el vientre se advierte una manchita blanca. De allí atras lo amarillo es mas caido: terminan los timoneles con las puntas blancas; y el costado externo de las piernas es pardo amarillazo. De la nariz principia una tirita amarilla, que pasa por la ceja y va pardeando en razon que va para atras. Sobre la cabeza desde el pico hay plumas que tienen los centros obscuros y las bordas amarillas ; pero este color va degenerando en pardo: de modo que el cogote y pestorejo son ya de un pardo aplomado en que apénas se percibe la obscuridad de los centros. Esto mismo sucede al costado de la cabeza; pero el pido es pardo, y baxo del ojo hay una manchita amarilla blanquizca. El lomo y rabadilla son de un amarillo pardo: las cobijas menores obscuras muy ribeteadas de amarillo; y la espalda, cola, sus timoneles superiores y los tres mayores órdenes de cobijas en los trozos internos, tienen las plumas pardas obscuras con las bordas blanquizcas. Las cobijas del trozo externo y todos los remos obscuros, con sutiles ribetes amarillos en los trozos externos, y blanquecinos en el interior.

La hembra es poquito menor, y se diferencia en que todo lo inferior es blanquizco, con el pecho y bordas de las tapadas color de caña, y baxo de la cabeza y timoneles inferiores blancos. Ademas la manchita que sale de la nariz es blanquizca parda, como todas las bordas en la cabeza y cobijas: las de los remos del trozo medio son amarillentas, el lomo y rabadilla par dos poco amarillazos, y el resto, como el macho.

Remos 18, fuertes y tendidos, el primero y segundo mayores: cola 12 plumas en escalerilla, la interna 3 lineas mas breve, todas angostas agudas y fuertes: pierna 12½; tarso 8½, trigueñas: dedo medio 6½: pico 4½, alto y ancho 3, obscuro arriba, blanquizco abaxo.

**********************

Azara's descriptions are always quite technical (and his Spanish may be a bit dated ?) -- I always struggle a bit to translate them. Thus if anything below is a bit off, feel free to correct it. Anyway, more or less :

NO. CXXXII.
OF THE CHIPÍU.

It is very common everywhere, and the one that penetrates most into the fields: it also inhabits the country houses, and even the towns in winter, living in societies, sometimes so numerous, that the individuals almost touch each other when they land without hiding in the trees and bushes; so that Noseda killed forty in one shot. Its calling voice says chipíu, and gives it this name par excellence. It lives in cage on broken corn and any seeds, even if caught as an adult; and sings well. It flies violently and sometimes quite high.

Length 5 inches: tail 2: span 8½. The entire throat, and down to the tail, including the underwing, are a strong yellow, not so bright in the latter, and somewhat dull on the flanks; but towards the lower throat the dullness forms a kind of collar, which does not close. Also, on the belly, there is a small white spot. From there behind the yellow is weaker: the feathers end with white tips; and the outer side of the thighs is yellowish brown. A yellow stripe starts from the nostril, which passes through the brow and turns brown as it goes backwards. On the cap from the beak, there are feathers that have dark centres and yellow edges; but this color turns into brown: so that the nape and neck are already a leaden brown in which the darkness of the centres can barely be perceived. This same thing happens on the side of the head; but the ear is brown, and under the eye there is a small whitish yellow spot. The mantle and rump are brownish yellow: the smaller coverts are dark, strongly edged with yellow; and the back, tail, its upper coverts and the three large rows of coverts in the inner wing, have the feathers dark brown with whitish edges. The coverts on the outer wing and all the remiges are dark, with the edges subtly yellow on the outside, and whitish on the inside.

The female is slightly smaller, and she differs in that the entire underparts are whitish, with the chest and border of the underwing cane-coloured, and the lower head and lower feathers white. Furthermore, the small spot that starts from the nostril is whitish-brown, like all the fringes on the head and covers: those on the middle remiges are yellowish, the back and rump are slightly yellowish, and the rest, like the male.

18 remiges, strong and straight, the first and second longest: tail with 12 feathers in a ladder, the inner one 3 lines shorter, all narrow sharp and strong: leg 12½; tarsus 8½, dark: middle finger 6½: bill 4½, height and width 3, dark above, whitish below.

********************

For me clearly some kind of Sicalis (or something similar, but then I cannot really figure what -- yellow and brownish males, duller females, forming large mobile flocks in the countryside). I just cannot turn that into any warbling-finch.

XC31723 Grassland Yellow Finch (Sicalis luteola) ?
The description doesn't fit with Sicalis for me.


It intrigued me when in "Complements de Buffon", the name "Chipiu" without an epithet referred to Coryphaspiza melanotis but other Chipiu are named, borrowed from d'Azara (with numbers but I don't know what they refer to)
D'Azara décrit encore comme des chipiùs les oiseaux peu connus qu'il nomme chipiù à tête rayée (n. 150) ; chipiù à tête jaune (n. 154) ; chipiù proprement dit ( n. 152 ) ; chug ( n. 153) ; gafarron (n. 134 ) ; capita ( n. 157 ) ; sauteur ( n. 158) ; balanceur ( n. 159) , etc. , etc.
Of course, for Guarani people, Chipiu is a generalist word but when used in zoological context, it loses its "vernacular side".

We just have to hope that Chipiu does not designate a species from another family 😂
 
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What exactly doesn't fit a Sicalis in the description ?
Even without taking the physical description of the bird into account, the first paragraph alone (behaviour) is completely off the mark for a Poospiza.
It's maybe not a Poospiza but an other genus within current Poospizinae, but your English traduction looks a lil' bit different from mine. Where is the white spot on the belly ? the white finishing the tail coverts ? The yellowish white spot below the eyes ? The olive-colored tarsus ? I cannot find these criteria in Sicalis

What if it was a species from another family (Fringillidae or Cardinalidae) or the description is based on worn specimens ? However, it's true that Chenu linked the name "Chipiou" with Poospiza in his Encyclopédie d'histoire naturelle according to Cabanis (1847).

There is no plate that accompanies d'Azara's book?

Bonnaterre mentions some species without latin names.

The tome 7 of the Dictionnaire classique d'histoire naturelle gives this description :
Gros-Bec Chipiu , Azzara. Parties supérieures brunes , variées de jaune ; les inférieures d'un jaune foncé, avec une tache blanche sur le ventre: sommet de la tête noirâtre, varié de jaune; trait oculaire jaune ; rectrices noirâtres ; bec cendré ; pieds verdâtres. Taille, cinq pouces. Amérique méridionale.
Gros-Bec Chipiu, Azzara. Upper parts brown, varied with yellow; the undersides of a dark yellow, with a white spot on the belly: top of the head blackish, varied with yellow; yellow eye line; rectrices blackish; ashy bill; greenish feet. Size, five inches. South America.
I have the impression that different authors interpreted the description of the d'Azara Chipiu in their own way by attaching completely disparate taxa to it.
 
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What exactly doesn't fit a Sicalis in the description ?
Even without taking the physical description of the bird into account, the first paragraph alone (behaviour) is completely off the mark for a Poospiza.
Yes, the fact that it is so common and lives in flocks does not seem to a fit a Poospiza, but it does fit a Sicalis or Spermophila.
It really looks as if Azara mixed up his notes. The call of Sicalis luteola fits well to chipiu, but the song of Poospiza nigrorufa is not that far off.
Grassland Yellow-Finch - call: XC512044 Grassland Yellow Finch (Sicalis luteola)
Black-and-rufous Warbling Finch - song: XC508293 Black-and-rufous Warbling Finch (Poospiza nigrorufa)
 
Yes, the fact that it is so common and lives in flocks does not seem to a fit a Poospiza, but it does fit a Sicalis or Spermophila.
It really looks as if Azara mixed up his notes. The call of Sicalis luteola fits well to chipiu, but the song of Poospiza nigrorufa is not that far off.
Grassland Yellow-Finch - call: XC512044 Grassland Yellow Finch (Sicalis luteola)
Black-and-rufous Warbling Finch - song: XC508293 Black-and-rufous Warbling Finch (Poospiza nigrorufa)
In any event, Cabanis and later Chenu and linked the Chipiu to genus Poospiza based on d'Azara, and this is what the nomenclatures in the French language have retained. However, I'm interested in tracing the history of names in ornithological literature because that is how we see that there are quite a few errors. Sometimes I come across things and it intrigues me.
 
I have the impression that different authors interpreted the description of the d'Azara Chipiu in their own way by attaching completely disparate taxa to it.
...and that we are still doing the same thing here...? ;)

I'm a bit at a loss to see anything in the description that remotely suggests Poospiza nigrorufa, actually. I cannot detect any yellow in this species, while yellow ("fuerte" -- strong, intense -- yellow on the underparts) seems to be a dominant colour in Azara's description.


Where is the white spot on the belly ?
Between the legs. (See this : ML370868651 - Grassland Yellow-Finch - Macaulay Library )

the white finishing the tail coverts ?
On the undertail coverts. "De allí atras lo amarillo es mas caido: terminan los timoneles con las puntas blancas" -- backwards relative to the small white area on the belly, and on feathers that are less yellow than the rest of the underparts. (See the same picture.)

The yellowish white spot below the eyes ?
Well, a palish crescent below the eye could match this...?

The olive-colored tarsus ?
The word he used was "trigueñas". Sonnini indeed turned this into "olivâtre". Google translated it as "dark" and I did not edit it.
The actual meaning is the colour of trigo, i.e., mature wheat.
 
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