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| − | [[Image:Emerald toucanet.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Subspecies ''griseigularis''<br />Photo by {{user|Pitter|Pitter}}<br />Dapa-Valle, [[Colombia]], May 20084]] | + | [[Image:Emerald toucanet.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Subspecies ''griseigularis''<br />Photo © by {{user|Pitter|Pitter}}<br />Dapa-Valle, [[Colombia]], May 20084]] |
;[[:Category:Aulacorhynchus|Aulacorhynchus]] albivitta | ;[[:Category:Aulacorhynchus|Aulacorhynchus]] albivitta | ||
'''Includes: Andean Toucanet; Black-throated Toucanet; Black-billed Toucanet; Greyish-throated Toucanet; White-throated Toucanet; Santa Marta Toucanet''' | '''Includes: Andean Toucanet; Black-throated Toucanet; Black-billed Toucanet; Greyish-throated Toucanet; White-throated Toucanet; Santa Marta Toucanet''' | ||
==Identification== | ==Identification== | ||
| + | [[Image:Emerald Toucanet1.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Nominate subspecies ''albivitta''<br />Photo © by {{user|Stanley+Jones|Stanley Jones}}<br />Cosanga, Napo Province, [[Ecuador]], January 2016]] | ||
30-35cm (11¾-13¾ in). Sexes similar but females have shorter bills. | 30-35cm (11¾-13¾ in). Sexes similar but females have shorter bills. | ||
*Green plumage | *Green plumage | ||
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*Dark iris | *Dark iris | ||
====Variations==== | ====Variations==== | ||
| − | [[Image: | + | [[Image:1-4-S64A0561-3.jpg|thumb|275px|right|Santa Marta Toucanet, subspecies lautus<br />Photo © by {{user|max1|max1}}<br />Santa Marta mountains, [[Colombia]], February 2016]] |
The subspecies vary in colour of basal line of bill, throat colour, tone of green around breast and head and extent of black on bill: | The subspecies vary in colour of basal line of bill, throat colour, tone of green around breast and head and extent of black on bill: | ||
* ''lautus'' has pale grey throat bordered in bluish; bill has limited yellow on top of upper mandible; stripe at base of bill is white below but yellow above; bare skin around eye shown as chestnut in some sources | * ''lautus'' has pale grey throat bordered in bluish; bill has limited yellow on top of upper mandible; stripe at base of bill is white below but yellow above; bare skin around eye shown as chestnut in some sources | ||
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==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| − | [[Image: | + | [[Image:DSCN1101.JPG|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''cyanolaemus''<br />Photo © by {{user|Pepe_Rojas|Pepe_Rojas}}<br />Maranhon, [[Peru]]]] |
Found from [[Colombia]] and western [[Venezuela]] to [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]], [[Bolivia]] and western [[Brazil]]. On the eastern slope of Andes and associated lowlands except for Colombia where also found on Central Andes and even reaching the northern end of Western Andes.<br /> | Found from [[Colombia]] and western [[Venezuela]] to [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]], [[Bolivia]] and western [[Brazil]]. On the eastern slope of Andes and associated lowlands except for Colombia where also found on Central Andes and even reaching the northern end of Western Andes.<br /> | ||
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Formerly considered conspecific with [[Northern Emerald Toucanet]] under the name [[Emerald Toucanet]]. Gill and Donsker further split this species into White-throated Toucanet (''lautus'', ''griseigularis'', ''albivitta'' and ''phaeolaemus'') and Black-throated Toucanet. HBWalive recognize three species, using Greyish-throated for the first four subspecies, Black-billed for ''cyanolaemus'' and Black-throated for the remaining two. | Formerly considered conspecific with [[Northern Emerald Toucanet]] under the name [[Emerald Toucanet]]. Gill and Donsker further split this species into White-throated Toucanet (''lautus'', ''griseigularis'', ''albivitta'' and ''phaeolaemus'') and Black-throated Toucanet. HBWalive recognize three species, using Greyish-throated for the first four subspecies, Black-billed for ''cyanolaemus'' and Black-throated for the remaining two. | ||
====Subspecies==== | ====Subspecies==== | ||
| − | [[Image: | + | [[Image:Southern Emerald Toucanet Subsp atrogularis.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''atrogularis'' (Black-throated Toucanet)<br />Photo © by {{user|Stanley+Jones|Stanley Jones}}<br />Oxapampa, Oxapampa, [[Peru]], August 2017]] |
Clements recognizes 7 subspecies in four groups<sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup>: | Clements recognizes 7 subspecies in four groups<sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup>: | ||
* Santa Marta Toucanet: | * Santa Marta Toucanet: | ||
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Breeding generally from March to July, locally starting in February and lasting to November. They nest in an unlined cavity in a tree; 3-4 white eggs are laid and incubated by both sexes for 14–15 days. Both parents care for the young which fledge after about 6 weeks. | Breeding generally from March to July, locally starting in February and lasting to November. They nest in an unlined cavity in a tree; 3-4 white eggs are laid and incubated by both sexes for 14–15 days. Both parents care for the young which fledge after about 6 weeks. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| − | #{{Ref-HBWVol7}}#{{Ref- | + | #{{Ref-HBWVol7}}#{{Ref-Clements6thAug18}}#{{Ref-GillDonsker17V7.3}}#HBWalive read April 2018 |
{{ref}} | {{ref}} | ||
Revision as of 15:53, 24 June 2019
- Aulacorhynchus albivitta
Includes: Andean Toucanet; Black-throated Toucanet; Black-billed Toucanet; Greyish-throated Toucanet; White-throated Toucanet; Santa Marta Toucanet
Identification
30-35cm (11¾-13¾ in). Sexes similar but females have shorter bills.
- Green plumage
- Rufous vent and tail tip
- Black bill with yellow on the upper mandible
- Broad pale stripe at base of both mandibles
- White, black or blue throat dependent on subspecies
- Eye ring can be blue to yellowish to pinkish
- Dull grey legs
- Dark iris
Variations
The subspecies vary in colour of basal line of bill, throat colour, tone of green around breast and head and extent of black on bill:
- lautus has pale grey throat bordered in bluish; bill has limited yellow on top of upper mandible; stripe at base of bill is white below but yellow above; bare skin around eye shown as chestnut in some sources
- griseigularis with grey throat; upper mandible with much yellow; whitish basal bill line; proximal part of lower mandible chestnut; eye surrounded by yellowish-pinkish skin, and by blue feathers
- albivitta with white throat; white basal bill line and proximal part of lower mandible chestnut; >1/2 of eye surrounded by yellowish skin and bluish feathers
- phaeolaemus with blue-grey throat; bill and eye-surroundings much like previous
- cyanolaemus with blue throat; almost all black bill, basal line white to yellowish; some pinkish skin around eye
- atrogularis with black throat reaching to eye; upper mandible half yellow, rest of bill black with no chestnut; basal line to bill white below and orange-yellow above; no yellowish skin around eye
- dimidiatus smallest subspecies; with black throat and overall very similar to atrogularis
Distribution
Found from Colombia and western Venezuela to Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and western Brazil. On the eastern slope of Andes and associated lowlands except for Colombia where also found on Central Andes and even reaching the northern end of Western Andes.
Locally common in parts of its range.
Taxonomy
Formerly considered conspecific with Northern Emerald Toucanet under the name Emerald Toucanet. Gill and Donsker further split this species into White-throated Toucanet (lautus, griseigularis, albivitta and phaeolaemus) and Black-throated Toucanet. HBWalive recognize three species, using Greyish-throated for the first four subspecies, Black-billed for cyanolaemus and Black-throated for the remaining two.
Subspecies
Subspecies atrogularis (Black-throated Toucanet)
Photo © by Stanley Jones
Oxapampa, Oxapampa, Peru, August 2017
Photo © by Stanley Jones
Oxapampa, Oxapampa, Peru, August 2017
Clements recognizes 7 subspecies in four groups[2]:
- Santa Marta Toucanet:
- A. a. lautus - Santa Marta Mountains in north east Colombia
- Gray-throated Toucanet
- A. a. griseigularis - northern end of West Andes and western slope of Central Andes of Colombia
- Andean Toucanet
- Black-throated Toucanet:
Habitat
Open woodland and humid forest. Locally up to 3700m.
Behaviour
Diet
Their diet consists mostly of fruit, but some insects, lizards, and bird eggs are also taken. Forages usually singly, sometimes in groups.
Breeding
Breeding generally from March to July, locally starting in February and lasting to November. They nest in an unlined cavity in a tree; 3-4 white eggs are laid and incubated by both sexes for 14–15 days. Both parents care for the young which fledge after about 6 weeks.
References
- Del Hoyo, J, A Elliot, and J Sargatal, eds. 2002. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 7: Jacamars to Woodpeckers. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-8487334375
- Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2018. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2018. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- Gill, F. and Donsker, D. (Eds). 2017. IOC World Bird Names (version 7.3). Available at http://www.worldbirdnames.org/.
- HBWalive read April 2018
Recommended Citation
- BirdForum Opus contributors. (2024) Southern Emerald Toucanet. In: BirdForum, the forum for wild birds and birding. Retrieved 7 June 2024 from https://www.birdforum.net/opus/Southern_Emerald_Toucanet
