From Opus

Photo by jvhigbee
Tacoma, Washington, December 2003

Bucephala clangula

[edit] Identification

L. 40-52 cm (18-21 in)
Weight 500 to 1400 grams (1.9 to 3.1 lbs)

• Golden-yellow eye
  

Adult Male

Female
Photo by Digiscoper321
West Sweden, April 2010

• Dark head with green gloss
• Circular white patch below eye
• Dark back
• White neck and belly
• Large white patches in wings

Adult Female

• Brown head
• Mostly gray body

[edit] Similar Species

Very similar to Barrow's Goldeneye. Note white scalloping on back rather than solid black (Barrow's). Circular facial patch on Common, oblong patch on Barrow's. Male Barrow's Goldeneye has purple gloss on head, but this is hard to distinguish in the field. Hybrids are possible.

[edit] Distribution

Photo by IanF
Cowpen Bewley Woodland Park, Billingham, UK, December 2009

[edit] Breeding

Widespread throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Europe
Breeds over most of Scandinavia and northern Russia with small isolated populations in Scotland and Northern Europe from north Germany east to the Baltic States. Breeds sporadically further south as far as Turkey, recently recorded in France, Austria and Hungary. Also breeds across northern Asia from the Urals to northern China, Sakhalin and Kamchatka.
North America
Breeds in central and southern Alaska and over much of Canada and the north-central USA.

[edit] Non-breeding

Europe
Widespread from south-west Iceland, the British Isles and northern France east to coastal Norway and the southern Baltic, on the lakes of Central Europe and in the north-east Mediterranean and the Black and Caspian Seas and across Central Asia.
North America
Winters from southern Canada and throughout the USA and northern Mexico.

Ducklings
Photo by Macswede
Agesta, Sweden, June 2012

Vagrants recorded south to the Azores and Iberia, the Mediterranean islands and North Africa, Israel and Jordan, northern India, Hong Kong and the West Indies.

[edit] Taxonomy

Medium sized sea duck of the genus Bucephala, the goldeneyes. Their closest relative is the similar Barrow's Goldeneye.

[edit] Subspecies

There are 2 subspecies^[1]:

• B. c. clangula :

• Northern Eurasia; winters to Mediterranean, Persian Gulf and southern China

• B. c. americana:

• Breeds northern North America; winters to California and Florida

[edit] Habitat

Breeds in woodland close to lakes and rivers, in winter and on passage on large freshwaters, estuaries and sheltered bays. Frequently seen on reservoirs and gravel-pits.

[edit] Behaviour

They may fall prey to various hawks, owls and eagles, while females and their broods have been preyed upon by bears (Ursus spp.), various weasels (Mustela spp.), mink (Mustela vison), raccoons (Procyon lotor) and even northern flickers (Colaptes auratus) and red squirrels (Tamiasciurus husonicus).

[edit] Diet

These diving birds forage underwater. Year-round, about 32% of their prey is crustaceans, 28% is aquatic insects and 10% is molluscs. Insects are the predominant prey while nesting and crustaceans are the predominant prey during migration and winter. Locally, fish eggs and aquatic plants can be important foods.

[edit] Breeding

The male's display consists of throwing his head back onto his back with the bill pointing skywards. They nest in tree holes or nest boxes.

[edit] Vocalisation

[edit] References

1. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson. 2012. The eBird/Clements Checklist of Birds of the World. 6th ed., with updates to October 2012. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0801445019. Spreadsheet available at http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/downloadable-clements-checklist
2. Collins Bird Guide ISBN 0 00 219728

• List of references

[edit] External Links