From Opus

A bird from the nominate group
Photo by Steve Round
Wirral, Cheshire, UK, May 2004

Garrulus glandarius

[edit] Identification

32 - 36cm. A distinctive woodland corvid.

• Mainly pinkish-brown plumage
• Black moustachial stripe
• Blue, black and white panels on wings
• Black tail
• White uppertail and undertail-coverts (well visible in flight)
• Broad wings resulting in a peculiar jerky flapping flight
• Nominate group with whitish throat and whitish crown with black streaks
• cervicalis group birds with white cheeks and black crown, also greyer plumage
• atricapillus group with white forehead, black crown and white cheeks
• hyrcanus group similar to nominate but blacker crown
• brandtii group has darker plumage, brown-whitish throat and brownish crown with black streaks
• japonicus group with black lores, connected with broader black moustachial stripe
• bispecularis group with unstreaked brown crown and whitish brown throat
• leucotis group similar to atricapillus

Sexes similar. Juveniles are darker reddish-brown.

[edit] Distribution

	Occurs in most of Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, Siberia, China, Japan, the Himalayas and Indochina. Mainly resident but occasionally irruptive in far north of range and can result in birds of northern subspecies occuring in winter.
	Legend • nominate group • cervicalis group • atricapillus group • hyrcanus group • brandtii group • japonicus group • bispecularis group • leucotis group Maps/Texts consulted3

[edit] Taxonomy

Photo by angletarn
Brandon Marsh, Warwickshire, November 2009

[edit] Subspecies

More than 30 subspecies of this bird have been described with about 20 from the Western Palearctic. These fall into several groups with the nominate group found over most of Europe^[1],[3].

• Nominate group:
  • G. g. rufitergum: Southern Scotland, England, Wales and northern France
  • G. g. hibernicus: Ireland
  • G. g. glandarius: Northern and central Europe
  • G. g. severtzowi: Scandinavia and western Russia (sometimes merged into glandarius)
  • G. g. lusitanicus: Northern Portugal and northern Spain (sometimes merged into fasciatus)
  • G. g. fasciatus: Southern, central and eastern Spain
  • G. g. corsicanus: Corsica
  • G. g. albipectus: Italy, Dalmatian coast of Yugoslavia, Albania and Ionian Islands
  • G. g. jordansi: Sicily (sometimes merged in albipectus)
  • G. g. ichnusae: Sardinia
  • G. g. graecus: Southern Yugoslavia, southern Bulgaria and Greece
  • G. g. cretorum: Crete
  • G. g. glaszneri: Cyprus
  • G. g. fernandi: South-eastern Bulgaria to northern Turkey (Istranca Mountains)

Subspecies atricapillus (Showing the black cap which stops a little short of the beak by a white area. In addition there are light coloured feathers around the eyes towards the nape.)
Photo by scottishdude
Lesvos, April 2010

• cervicalis group - Black-crowned Jay:
  • G. g. minor: Atlas Mountains of Morocco and Algeria
  • G. g. cervicalis: North-eastern Algeria and Tunisia
  • G. g. whitakeri: Northern Morocco and north-western Algeria
• atricapillus group - Black-capped Jay
  • G. g. atricapillus: Lebanon to southern Syria, Israel and western Jordan
  • G. g. anatoliae: Western Turkey and eastern Aegean Sea to western Asia Minor, northern Iraq and south-western Iran
  • G. g. samios: Samos and Ikaria region of eastern Aegean Sea (Greece)
  • G. g. iphigenia: Crimean Peninsula
  • G. g. krynicki: Caucasus, Transcaucasia and northern Asia Minor
• hyrcanus group - Iranian Jay
  • G. g. hyrcanus: Northern Iran (Elzburg Mountains and south shore of Caspian Sea)
• brandtii group - Brandt's Jay
  • G. g. brandtii: Ural Mountains to Siberia, Lake Baikal and Altai and Sayan mountains
  • G. g. bambergi: Mongolia to Sakhalin, southern Kuril Islands, Hokkaido and Korea (sometimes merged with brandtii)
  • G. g. kansuensis: Kazakhstan (eastern Tien Shan) and western China (Gansu)
  • G. g. pekingensis: Northern China (Liaoning) and south-western Manchuria
• japonicus group - Japanese Jay
  • G. g. japonicus: Japan (Hondo, Shikoku and Kyushu)
  • G. g. tokugawae: Sado Island (Japan)
  • G. g. hiugaensis: Japan (Isu Peninsula of eastern Hondo, southern Kyushu and Kagoshima)
  • G. g. orii: Yakushima Island (Ryukyu Islands)
  • G. g. namiyei: Tsushima Islands (south-western Japan) (not always accepted)

Subspecies taivanus
Photo by Mark Bruce
Hsitou Forest, Nantou County, Taiwan, December 2008

• bispecularis group - Himalayan Jay or Red-crowned Jay
  • G. g.s sinensis: Western China to northern Yunnan and north-eastern Myanmar
  • G. g. taivanus: Taiwan
  • G. g. persaturatus: Northern India (Khasi Hills of Assam) (sometimes merged with bispecularis)
  • G. g. bispecularis: Himalayas (Kashmir to Nepal)
  • G. g. interstinctus: Eastern Himalayas and south-eastern Tibet
  • G. g. oatesi: Central Myanmar (upper Chindwin and Chin Hills)
• leucotis group - White-faced Jay
  • G. g. leucotis: Eastern Myanmar to southern Yunnan, Thailand to central Vietnam
  • G. g. haringtoni: Myanmar (Mount Victoria in south Chin Hills)

DNA reserach has shown only minor differences of small significance.

[edit] Habitat

Mainly deciduous woodland and forest, and oak in particular. Also in mixed forest, orchards, town parks and large gardens, and coniferous forest in the north and east of the Region.

Subspecies bambergi
Photo by tony.saw
Yoroushi Onsen, East Hokkaido, Japan

[edit] Behaviour

Usually a very shy and wary bird, keeping in dense foliage. However, in city parks birds can become very confiding. Normally solitary or in family groups.

[edit] Diet

An omnivorous feeder. The diet includes invertebrates (notably caterpillars and beetles) but also eggs and nestlings and a wide variety of seeds and berries. Does visit garden birdtables where unmolested.

[edit] Breeding

Breeding starts in April in most of Europe. A pair stays together several years, possibly even lifelong. The nest is built by both sexes. It's a platfrom of twigs, placed some 4 to 6m above the ground, usually well concealed by foliage and near the tree centre. Lays 3 - 10 eggs (chiefly 5 - 7) which are incubated 16 - 17 days by the female. The nestling period is 19 - 23 days.

[edit] Vocalisation

The alarm call is a harsh, rasping screech. It is a great mimic.

[edit] References

1. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson. 2012. The eBird/Clements Checklist of Birds of the World. 6th ed., with updates to October 2012. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0801445019. Spreadsheet available at http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/downloadable-clements-checklist
2. BF Member observations
3. Del Hoyo, J, A Elliott, and D Christie, eds. 2009. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 14: Bush-shrikes to Old World Sparrows. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-8496553507

• List of references

[edit] External Links