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'''Non-breeding adult and juvenile''': Body duller. | '''Non-breeding adult and juvenile''': Body duller. | ||
====Similar Species==== | ====Similar Species==== | ||
| − | In winter plumage, can be difficult to separate from [[White-faced Ibis]] (''P. chihi'') without close views. Best told by dark eyes and [[Topography#Heads|lores]] (red in White-faced) and narrow white stripes of even thickness above and below the lores (absent or uneven in winter plumaged White-faced). | + | In winter plumage, can be difficult to separate from [[White-faced Ibis]] (''P. chihi'') without close views. Best told by dark eyes and [[Topography#Heads|lores]] (red in White-faced) and narrow bluish-white stripes of even thickness above and below the lores (absent or uneven in winter plumaged White-faced). Immatures almost impossible to separate except when showing diagnostic adult-type facial pattern. Further identification problems compounded by an increasing amount of hybridization between the two. |
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==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
[[Image:765 Ibis, Glossy juv Plegadis falcinellus, AUSTRALIA.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Juvenile<br />Photo © by {{user|peterday|Peter Day}}<br />Fogg Dam, [[Kakadu National Park]], [[Australia]], 22 May 2015 ]] | [[Image:765 Ibis, Glossy juv Plegadis falcinellus, AUSTRALIA.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Juvenile<br />Photo © by {{user|peterday|Peter Day}}<br />Fogg Dam, [[Kakadu National Park]], [[Australia]], 22 May 2015 ]] | ||
Revision as of 22:53, 27 September 2020
- Plegadis falcinellus
Identification
Length 48·5–66 cm (19-26 in), wingspan 88-105 cm, mass 530-768 g
Males larger than females
Bill brownish, long, thin, and evenly decurved; legs reddish-brown to olive-grey.
Breeding adult: Body reddish-brown and wings glossy bottle-green. There is a narrow white to cobalt blue line around the base of the bill.
Non-breeding adult and juvenile: Body duller.
Similar Species
In winter plumage, can be difficult to separate from White-faced Ibis (P. chihi) without close views. Best told by dark eyes and lores (red in White-faced) and narrow bluish-white stripes of even thickness above and below the lores (absent or uneven in winter plumaged White-faced). Immatures almost impossible to separate except when showing diagnostic adult-type facial pattern. Further identification problems compounded by an increasing amount of hybridization between the two.
Distribution
This bird is found almost world-wide but they are uncommon in some places; they are listed as rare or vagrant in many places, such as Borneo, Singapore, etc.
There is evidence to suggest that some groups are migratory with palearctic individuals making their way to Africa to over-winter.
The population in North America has been spreading in recent years. Wintering birds are now turning up regularly in northern Central America, where they were not recorded previously. However, at least two ringing recoveries shows vagrants from Europe reaching the Caribbean. See also discussion under "Movements" below.
Taxonomy
This is a monotypic species[1].
Habitat
Inhabits permanent wetlands including coastal lagoons and marshy lake shores.
Behaviour
Actions
These birds are gregarious and may occur in large flocks containing hundreds of birds often flying in formation.
Diet
Food includes invertebrates, fish, frogs and small reptiles.
Breeding
The nest is a compact platform of twigs or reeds, about 30 cm diameter, usually in a tree which overhangs water. Nesting is colonial and often in mixed heronries. Two to four eggs are laid August to March (in southern Africa). Incubation is by both sexes and takes 20-23 days.
Vocalisation
<flashmp3>Plegadis falcinellus (song).mp3</flashmp3>
Listen in an external program
Movements
Highly nomadic. Migratory and dispersive with adults and young dispersing often in separate flocks in all directions resulting in frequent records north of breeding range and of vagrants far from colonies including New Zealand, New Caledonia and The Seychelles. American populations are descended from immigrants from Europe that first arrived in the 1880s. Some recent transatlantic movement includes a bird ringed in Spain showing up in Bermuda. In the USA vagrants have occurred we;; west of breeding range all the way to California.
References
- Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2019. The eBird/Clements Checklist of Birds of the World: v2019. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
- Davis Jr., W. E. and J. C. Kricher (2020). Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.gloibi.01#Hockey, PAR, WRJ Dean, and PG Ryan, eds. 2005. Roberts' Birds of Southern Africa. 7th ed. Cape Town: John Voelcker Bird Book Fund. ISBN 978-0620340533
- Birdforum thread discussing recovery of Spanish birds in the Caribbean
Recommended Citation
- BirdForum Opus contributors. (2024) Glossy Ibis. In: BirdForum, the forum for wild birds and birding. Retrieved 26 April 2024 from https://www.birdforum.net/opus/Glossy_Ibis
External Links
