From Opus

Alternative names: Great Bittern

Photo by wim de groot
Castricum, The Netherlands, January 2005

Botaurus stellaris

[edit] Identification

75 cm a large bird of reed beds. Tawny, mottled brown body with dark streaks, black crown. Knife like bill.

[edit] Similar Species

American Bittern is smaller; has no black crown, but instead a black patch on the side of the neck.

[edit] Distribution

Photo by Mahsleb
Minsmere, Suffolk, April 2011

Eurasia and Africa.
Europe: breeds at very scattered localities from the Mediterranean north to central Sweden, southernmost Finland, just north of St. Petersburg in Russia, and to a line going east-southeast from there to the Urals. Resident in eastern and north-west England, parts of France, Iberia and northern Italy as well as in the Balkans and Turkey. Summer migrant to areas north and east of there, with partial residency in for example Denmark. In many borderline areas may migrate if inclement weather hits, but populations also diminish after colder than normal winters.

Vagrants recorded Iceland, Faroes and Norway, Cyprus, and on the Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands.

Middle East: May breed in Israel, probably breeds in Iraq, and vagrants recorded in Syria and Jordan.

Asia: More widespread to the east occurring across much of temperate Asia from the Caspian to the Pacific coast breeding in the Russian Far East and Sakhalin, perhaps also Hokkaido (Japan). A widespread winter visitor in southern China and northern India. Single records from southern India, Sri Lanka and some countries in south-east Asia.

Africa north of the Sahara: Resident and winter visitor in the Nile delta and in one to two locations west of that along the Mediterranean coast.

Africa south of the Sahara: subspecies capensis is resident discontinuously from southern Tanzania and Zambia south to the southern Africa where rare. This race is probably resident with local movements; these may be governed by rains but is also described as poorly understood. Nominate race occurs along the Nile to Kenya and spread from there to Nigeria.

[edit] Taxonomy

Photo by Duke Leto
RSPB Strumpshaw Fen, Norfolk, November 2012

[edit] Subspecies

There are 2 subspecies^[1]:

• B. s. stellaris:

• Palearctic and northern Afrotropical region; winters to Philippines

• B. s. capensis:

• Southern Africa

[edit] Habitat

Densely vegetated swamps with small areas of open water but prefers extensive reedbeds. Sometimes in smaller reed-patches or other vegetation but rarely seen in the open.

On passage and in winter may become more obvious and occurs in a wider range of wet habitats, sometimes around disused gravel-pits and reservoirs.

[edit] Behaviour

The bird is secretive and very difficult to spot if it does not break cover. It is superbly camouflaged for its reed bed habitat and uses this to stalk its prey.

[edit] Diet

It feeds in a similar manner to the Grey Heron, stabbing and snapping with its sharp beak and can remain hunched and utterly motionless for hours at a time.

[edit] Movement

When moving it is generally in a slow, creeping stalk that is difficult to pick out though it does sometimes dart rapidly forwards.

Bitterns do fly from reed bed to reed bed and this is a good time to spot them. Their flight is low and rapid with relatively slow, powerful, purposeful wingbeats.

[edit] Vocalisation

Male Bitterns make a booming call to announce territory and display to potential mates.

[edit] References

1. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson. 2012. The eBird/Clements Checklist of Birds of the World. 6th ed., with updates to October 2012. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0801445019. Spreadsheet available at http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/downloadable-clements-checklist
2. Beaman, M., S. Madge, K.M. Olsen. 1998. Fuglene i Europa, Nordafrika og Mellemøsten. Copenhagen, Denmark: Gads Forlag, ISBN 87-12-02276-4
3. Sinclair et al. 2002. Birds of Southern Africa. Princeton Field Guides, Princeton, New Jersey, USA. ISBN 0-691-09682-1
4. Svensson, Mullarney, Zetterström 2009. Birds of Europe, second edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford. ISBN 978-0-691-14392-7
5. Grimmett, Inskipp & Inskipp 2012. Birds of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and The Maldives. Princeton Field Guides. ISBN 978-0-691-15349-0
6. Collins Field Guide 5th Edition ISBN 0 00 219900 9

• List of references

[edit] External Links