From Opus

Photo by nigelblake

Athene noctua

[edit] Identification

23cm

• Back and wings are a deep grey-brown, spotted with white
• Underparts white with broad, broken streaks of grey-brown
• Brown cheeks
• Yellow eyes
• Whitish supercilia
• White throat

Photo by speirs2
Suffolk, UK, June 2009

[edit] Distribution

The commonest of the smaller owls and widespread in Europe from Iberia east to the Urals and Caspian, in the north reaching Denmark and the southern shores of the Baltic. Introduced to Britain and now established north to southern Scotland. Occurs virtually all around the Mediterranean and on most islands, throughout the Caucasus and Turkey, south to Iraq and parts of the Middle East. Also found throughout North-West Africa and much of central and southern Algeria, coastal Libya and at scattered oases in the interior, the Tibesti region of Chad and in the Nile Valley. Has bred in southern Sweden and possibly on the Balearics.

Resident throughout range with short-distance dispersal of juveniles.

Vagrants recorded in Ireland, Fenno-Scandia, Estonia and on Malta and the Canary Islands.

[edit] Taxonomy

Subspecies lilith, "Lilith Owlet"
Photo by peterarras
Near Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, May 2007

[edit] Subspecies^[1]

Several races occur in the region differing slightly in size, ground colour and markings but there is much intergradation. Nominate noctua is found over much of southern Europe from Corsica and Sardinia east to the Carpathians. Race indigena from South-East Europe, southern Russia, Turkey to the Caucasus and in the Middle East is paler and more russet above. The west European vidalii is the darkest race, colder brown above, and occurs from Iberia to Poland and the Baltic States and also introduced to Britain. Paler races occur further south with glaux from North Africa to southern Israel rather rufous above and variable saharae from more inland areas of North Africa which can be rufous, sandy or greyish and bactriana from the south-east of Region in Azerbaijan resembles indigena but paler. Arabian race lilith is the palest, very pale buff above and barely streaked below.
Additional subspecies included in Clements:

• A. n. spilogastra:

• Red Sea coast of eastern Sudan and northern Ethiopia

• A. n. somaliensis:

• Eastern Ethiopia and Somalia

• A. n. orientalis:

• Extreme north-western China and adjacent Siberia

• A. n. impasta:

• West-central China (Kokonor and western Gansu)

• A. n. ludlowi:

• South-central China and Tibet to northern Himalayas

• A. n. plumipes:

• North-eastern China, Mongolia and Ussuriland

Lilith Owlet (Athene lilith) has been separated as a full species by some authorities^[5] based on both vocalizations and DNA studies.

[edit] Habitat

Farmland with hedgerows, copses and scattered trees, also rocky hillsides and semi-deserts. Particularly fond of old orchards and pollarded trees affording nest holes.

[edit] Behaviour

Little owls have often sit sunning themselves in early mornings or late evenings, particularly during cold weather. This is often the best chance of seeing them.

[edit] Diet

Diet includes small mammals, such as mice, voles, shrews, even small rabbits, as well as insects, earthworms, snails, slugs and small fish.

[edit] Breeding

The nest is in a hole (tree, walls, old buildings, rabbit burrows or cliffs). Incubation of the 3-5 eggs starts in early May and takes 29 days. Initially the male is solely responsible for feeding the chicks, later joined by the female. The chicks fledge after 26 days

[edit] Vocalisation

[edit] References

1. Clements, JF. 2009. The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World. 6th ed., with updates to December 2009. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0801445019.
2. Wikipedia
3. BBC Science & Nature
4. Collins Field Guide 5th Edition
5. König, C. and F. Weick 2008. Owls of the World, second edition. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 978-0-7136-6548-2

• List of references

[edit] External Links