l_raty
laurent raty
Linnaeus 1758:
"Carbo" is the species name (meaning "charcoal"; apparently a latinisation by Gesner of "charbon", which Gesner said was used to denote this bird in French; see the ref. below).
Then come:
As Björn says, the breeding populations in S Sweden are recent. Interestingly, there are subfossil remains of cormorants from the Baltic area, but these are consistent (in size) with nominate birds rather than sinensis.
Hartert 1920 restricted the application of the name to the rock-nesting form of the North Atlantic Ocean:
"PELECANUS" is the generic name (meaning "pelican", used by Linnaeus for all totipalmate birds -- pelicans, cormorants, ganets, frigatebirds).66. PELECANUS. [...]
Carbo.
3. P. cauda aequali, corpore nigro, rostro edentulo.
Pelecanus corpore atro, subtus albicante, rectricibus quatuordecim. Fn. svec. 116.
Carbo aquaticus. Gesn. av. 137.
Cervus aquaticus. Aldr. orn. I. 19. c. 55. Jonst. av. t. 47. Will. orn. 248. t. 63. Raj. av. 122. Mars. danub. 16. t. 36. Alb. av. 2. p. 74. t. 81.
Habitat in Europa; nidificat in altis arboribus.
Cauda longior & laxior quam in reliquis aquaticis.
"Carbo" is the species name (meaning "charcoal"; apparently a latinisation by Gesner of "charbon", which Gesner said was used to denote this bird in French; see the ref. below).
Then come:
- Linnaeus' own present diagnosis. "3. P[elican] with an even tail, a black body, the bill toothless."
- Linnaeus' earlier diagnosis, quoted from the first ed. of Fauna svecica (1746), #116. "Pelican with a black body, whitish below, with fourteen tail feathers."
- A set of references to earlier works describing this bird. The bird was:
- "Carbo aquaticus" (the "water charcoal") on p. 137 of Gesner's Historiae animalium liber 3. qui est de auium natura (Book 3 of the history of animals, which is about the nature of birds).
- "Corvus aquaticus" (the water crow; here misspelled "Cervus aquaticus" = water deer):
- in chapter (capitulum) 55 of book (liber) 19 of Aldrovandus' ornithology, which is in the third volume, a.k.a. Ornithologiae tomus tertius ac postremus ("Third and last volume of ornithology").
- on plate (tabula) 47 of Jonston's Historiae naturalis de avibus libri VI ("Natural history books 6, about birds");
- on p. 248 and pl. 63 of Willughby's Ornithologiae libri tres ("Three books of ornithology");
- on p. 122 of Ray's Synopsis methodica avium & piscium ("A methodical synopsis of birds and fishes").
- on p. 76 ("16" = error) and pl. 36 of Marsigli's Danubius pannonico-mysicus ("The Pannonian-Mysian Danube"); and
- on p. 74 and pl. 81 of the second volume of Albin's A natural history of birds.
- A range / habitat statement. "Inhabits Europe; breeds in tall trees."
- An additional descriptive statement. "Tail longer and broader than in other aquatic [birds]."
As Björn says, the breeding populations in S Sweden are recent. Interestingly, there are subfossil remains of cormorants from the Baltic area, but these are consistent (in size) with nominate birds rather than sinensis.
Hartert 1920 restricted the application of the name to the rock-nesting form of the North Atlantic Ocean:
This restriction is globally accepted. (Albeit it has no formal standing under the ICZN. The "type locality" is defined in the ICZN as the place of origin of the name-bearing type(s). It's not something that can be "designated" or "restricted" at will. The only way to act upon it, is to act upon the name-bearing type itself -- which means designating one of several original syntypes as a lectotype; or, in exceptional cases and when none of the original syntypes still exists, designating a neotype. Hartert did not do this.)Augenblicklich brüten keine Kormorane in Schweden (Lönnberg, in litt.); die nicht selten daselbst erlegten Stücke gleichen nach Lönnbergs Mitteilungen (in litt.) solchen aus Island und Grönland, dagegen ist anzunehmen, daß die früher auf Bäumen in Blekinge horstenden Paare der mitteleuropäischen Form angehörten, zu der auch die deutschen Kormorane zu rechnen sind. Ich beschränke daher Linnés Namen carbo auf die an Felsen nistende Form des nordatlantischen Ozeans. In der Fauna Suecica 1746, p. 42, sagte Linné "Habitat in maris scopulis, arboribusque insidet"; erst in Syst. Nat. Ed. X sagt er, entweder aus Versehen, oder weil er andere Nachrichten erhalten, "nidificat in altis arboribus". Ph. c. carbo brütet fast stets an Felsen, P. c. subcormoranus meist auf Bäumen, was aber teilweise nur der vorhandenen Gelegenheit zuzuschreiben ist.
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