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Difference between revisions of "Brubru" - BirdForum Opus

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(Picture of subspcies. Photo captions. References updated)
(more details)
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*White underparts with brown barring
 
*White underparts with brown barring
 
====Variation====
 
====Variation====
−
The mantle and central back is black in some subspecies. The color of the shoulder stripe varies from white to buff. The color of the underside can be yellowish in some areas. The flank stripe is chestnut in some areas.
+
The mantle and central back is black in some subspecies. The shoulder stripe varies from white to buff. The underside is white, to pale yellowish in some areas. The flank stripe is chestnut in some areas, white in others.
  
 
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
 
[[Image:29749Brubru.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''solivagus''<br />Photo by {{user|safariranger|safariranger}}<br />Shingwedzi Camp, [[Kruger National Park]], [[South Africa]], November 2006]]
 
[[Image:29749Brubru.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''solivagus''<br />Photo by {{user|safariranger|safariranger}}<br />Shingwedzi Camp, [[Kruger National Park]], [[South Africa]], November 2006]]
−
Widespread in Sub-Saharan [[Africa]]<br />
+
Widespread in sub-saharan [[Africa]]<br />
 
'''Western Africa''': [[Mauritania]], [[Senegambia]], [[Senegal]], [[The Gambia]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Guinea]], [[Mali]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Ghana]], [[Togo]], [[Benin]], [[Nigeria]], [[Niger]], [[Chad]], [[Cameroon]], [[Central African Republic]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]], [[DRC]] and [[Angola]]<br />
 
'''Western Africa''': [[Mauritania]], [[Senegambia]], [[Senegal]], [[The Gambia]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Guinea]], [[Mali]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Ghana]], [[Togo]], [[Benin]], [[Nigeria]], [[Niger]], [[Chad]], [[Cameroon]], [[Central African Republic]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]], [[DRC]] and [[Angola]]<br />
 
'''Eastern Africa''': [[Sudan]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Somalia]], [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]], [[Mozambique]] and [[Malawi]]<br />
 
'''Eastern Africa''': [[Sudan]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Somalia]], [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]], [[Mozambique]] and [[Malawi]]<br />
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==Taxonomy==
 
==Taxonomy==
−
''Nilaus'' is a [[Dictionary_M-O#|monotypic]] genus.
+
''Nilaus'' is a [[Dictionary_M-O#|monospecific]] genus. Its relationships are unclear, and in the past it has been variously treated in Laniidae, Prionopidae, Muscicapidae and Platysteiridae, before finding its current place,ent in Malaconotidae<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>.
 
====Subspecies====
 
====Subspecies====
−
There are 9 subspecies<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>:
+
Nine subspecies are currently accepted<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup><sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup>:
 
*''N. l. afer'': [[Senegal]] to the [[Sudan]], [[Eritrea]] and [[Ethiopia]]
 
*''N. l. afer'': [[Senegal]] to the [[Sudan]], [[Eritrea]] and [[Ethiopia]]
 
*''N. l. camerunensis'': Southern [[Cameroon]] and [[Central African Republic]] to eastern [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]
 
*''N. l. camerunensis'': Southern [[Cameroon]] and [[Central African Republic]] to eastern [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]
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*''N. l. miombensis'': Coastal parts of eastern [[South Africa]] and [[Mozambique]] (Sol do Save region)
 
*''N. l. miombensis'': Coastal parts of eastern [[South Africa]] and [[Mozambique]] (Sol do Save region)
  
−
An extra subspecies ''N. l. hilgerti'' is not recognised by all authorities<sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup>.
+
An extra subspecies ''N. l. hilgerti'' in eastern Ethiopia<sup>[[#References|[3]]]</sup> is treated as a synonym of ''N. l. minor'' by other authorities<sup>[[#References|[4]]]</sup>.
  
 
==Habitat==
 
==Habitat==
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==References==
 
==References==
−
#{{Ref-Clements6thAug14}}#Avibase
+
#{{Ref-HBWVol14}}#{{Ref-Clements6thAug14}}#{{Ref-GillDonsker14V4.4}}#Avibase
 
#Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (retrieved December 2014)
 
#Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (retrieved December 2014)
 
#Wikipedia
 
#Wikipedia

Revision as of 21:39, 2 January 2015

Subspecies brubru
Photo by albertvoigts
Spitzkoppe, Namibia, 2006
Nilaus afer

Identification

12–15 cm
Male

  • Mantle and central back rufous to buff, but see "Variation" below
  • Mottled black and white rump
  • White-tipped black tail
  • Black crown
  • White supercilium and forehead
Juvenile, subspecies afer
Photo by volker sthamer
Langano, Ethiopia, November 2011
  • Black eyestripe
  • Black wings with
    • Buff to white shoulder stripe
  • White underparts
  • Rufous flanks

Female

  • Duller and browner
  • Streaked underparts
  • Less rufous flanks

Juvenile

  • Mottled brown, buff and white above
  • Buff edged wings and tail
  • White underparts with brown barring

Variation

The mantle and central back is black in some subspecies. The shoulder stripe varies from white to buff. The underside is white, to pale yellowish in some areas. The flank stripe is chestnut in some areas, white in others.

Distribution

Subspecies solivagus
Photo by safariranger
Shingwedzi Camp, Kruger National Park, South Africa, November 2006

Widespread in sub-saharan Africa
Western Africa: Mauritania, Senegambia, Senegal, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Mali, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, DRC and Angola
Eastern Africa: Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique and Malawi
Southern Africa: Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Swaziland (not found in the southern-most part of South Africa)

Taxonomy

Nilaus is a monospecific genus. Its relationships are unclear, and in the past it has been variously treated in Laniidae, Prionopidae, Muscicapidae and Platysteiridae, before finding its current place,ent in Malaconotidae[1].

Subspecies

Nine subspecies are currently accepted[1][2]:

An extra subspecies N. l. hilgerti in eastern Ethiopia[3] is treated as a synonym of N. l. minor by other authorities[4].

Habitat

Open broad-leaved woodland, and acacia savanna. Generally found in the canopy.

Behaviour

Diet

The diet includes insects, including caterpillars, moths, beetles, ants and grasshoppers.

Breeding

They build a well camouflaged cup nest using twigs, grass and spider webs, decorated with lichens. The two whitish, greenish or greyish eggs have grey or brown blotches. They are incubated by both sexes for about 19 days; the young fledge in 22 days and are dependent on their parents for about eight weeks.

Brubrus are known to destroy their own nests when disturbed.

Vocalisation

Call: A repeated "brrr brrr ..." (hence the common name); similar to a ringing telephone.

References

  1. Del Hoyo, J, A Elliott, and D Christie, eds. 2009. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 14: Bush-shrikes to Old World Sparrows. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-8496553507
  2. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2014. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.9., with updates to August 2014. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
  3. Gill, F and D Donsker (Eds). 2014. IOC World Bird Names (version 4.4). Available at http://www.worldbirdnames.org/.
  4. Avibase
  5. Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (retrieved December 2014)
  6. Wikipedia
  7. BF Member observations

Recommended Citation

External Links

Retrieved from ‘https://www.birdforum.net/wiki/index.php?title=Brubru&oldid=207188’
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