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Difference between revisions of "Collared Kingfisher" - BirdForum Opus

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(taxonomy (split into 6 species by Clements))
(split of 5 species!)
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Subspecies vary with white or buff eyestripes, white spot between bill and eye.
 
Subspecies vary with white or buff eyestripes, white spot between bill and eye.
 
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
 +
Locally around the Red Sea, the [[Arabia]]n Peninsula, [[India]] to southeast [[Asia]], [[Indonesia]] and the [[Philippines]].
 
Southern [[Asia]] and [[Malaysia]].
 
Southern [[Asia]] and [[Malaysia]].
 
==Taxonomy==
 
==Taxonomy==
 
[[Image:Pair_Collared_Kingfishers.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Courting behaviour <br />Photo by {{user|russkie|russkie}}<br />Langkawi, [[Malaysia]]]]
 
[[Image:Pair_Collared_Kingfishers.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Courting behaviour <br />Photo by {{user|russkie|russkie}}<br />Langkawi, [[Malaysia]]]]
−
Was previously ''Halcyon chloris''.  The Sibley-Monroe spelling of the scientific name (''Todirhamphus chloris'') is incorrect.  Clements and Howard & Moore both use ''Todiramphus chloris''. More details in this [http://www.birdforum.net/showthread.php?t=93011 discussion].
+
Was previously ''Halcyon chloris''.  The Sibley-Monroe spelling of the scientific name (''Todirhamphus chloris'') is incorrect.  Clements and Howard & Moore both use ''Todiramphus chloris''. More details in this [http://www.birdforum.net/showthread.php?t=93011 discussion].<br />
 +
This is a [[Dictionary_P-S#P|polytypic]] species formerly consisting of 50+ subspecies which are now split into six species: Collared Kingfisher, [[Pacific Kingfisher]], [[Torresian Kingfisher]], [[Mariana Kingfisher]], [[Melanesian Kingfisher]] and [[Colonist Kingfisher]].
 +
[[Image:RMO 7726-1024x683.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Photo by {{user|Romy+Ocon|Romy Ocon}}<br />Manila Bay, [[Philippines]], September 2010]]
 
====Subspecies====
 
====Subspecies====
−
This is a [[Dictionary_P-S#P|polytypic]] species consisting of 50+ subspecies which are now split into six species by Clements<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>. However other authorities don't yet recognized this split and the Opus follows.
+
14 subspecies recognized:
−
[[Image:RMO 7726-1024x683.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Photo by {{user|Romy+Ocon|Romy Ocon}}<br />Manila Bay, [[Philippines]], September 2010]]
+
*''T. c. abyssinicus'': West coast of Red Sea to head of Gulf of Aden
−
* '''Pacific Kingfisher''' (''Todiramphus sacer'')
+
*''T. c. kalbaensis'': South coast of Arabian Peninsula to extreme north-western [[Oman]]
−
**''T.c.torresianus'': Torres Group (Toga, Loh and Hiu)
+
*''T. c. humii'': North-western [[India]] to [[Malaya|Malay Peninsula]], [[Thailand]], [[Myanmar]], Mergui Archaepelago
−
**''T.c.santoensis'': Banks Group to Espíritu Santo and Malo (northern Vanuatu)
+
*''T. c. vidali'': Peninsular [[India]] (Ratnagiri District)
−
**''T.c.juliae'': Northern and central Vanuatu (Maewo and Aoba islands to Efate)
+
*''T. c. armstrongi'': Southern [[Thailand]] and [[Myanmar]]
−
**''T.c.erromangae'': Erromango Island (southern Vanuatu)
+
*''T. c. davisoni'': [[Andaman Islands]] and [[Cocos Islands]] (Indian Ocean)
−
**''T.c.tannensis'': Tanna Island (southern Vanuatu)
+
*''T. c. occipitalis'': [[Nicobar Islands]]
−
**''T.c.sacer'': [[Tonga]]
+
*''T. c. chloropterus'': Islands off western [[Sumatra]] (except Enggano)
−
**''T.c.pealei'': Tutuila Island (American Samoa)
+
*''T. c. azelus'': Enggano Island (off south-western [Sumatra]])
−
**''T.c.manuae'': American [[Samoa]] (Ofu, Olosega and Tau)
+
*''T. c. palmeri'': [[Java]], [[Bali]] and adjacent islands in Java Sea
−
**''T.c.mala'': Malaita (eastern [Solomon Islands]])
+
*''T. c. laubmannianus'': Southern [[Sumatra]], [[Borneo]] and adjacent islands
−
**''T.c.sororum'': Southern [[Solomon Islands]] (Malaupaina and Malaulalo)
+
*''T. c. collaris'': [[Philippines]], Sulu Archipelago and Palawan
−
**''T.c.pavuvu'': Pavuvu Island (Russel Group in central [[Solomon Islands]])
+
*''T. c. chloris'': [[Sulawesi]] to north-western [[New Guinea]] and [[Lesser Sundas]]
−
**''T.c.solomonis'': [[Solomon Islands]] (Uki Ni Masi, Makira and Santa Anna)
+
*''T. c. teraokai'': Palau Islands (western Caroline Islands)
−
**''T.c.amoenus'': [[Solomon Islands]] (Rennell and Bellona)
 
−
**''T.c.brachyurus'': Reef Islands (Fenualoa and Lomlon)
 
−
**''T.c.vicina'': Duff Group (eastern [[Solomon Islands]])
 
−
**''T.c.ornatus'': Eastern [[Solomon Islands]] (Santa Cruz and Tinakula)
 
−
**''T.c.utupuae'': Utupua Island (Santa Cruz Group in eastern [[Solomon Islands]])
 
−
**''T.c.melanodera'': Vanikolo Island (Santa Cruz Group in eastern [[Solomon Islands]])
 
−
**''T.c.marinus'': Lau Archipelago (eastern [[Fiji]])
 
−
**''T.c. vitiensis'': [[Fiji]] (Ngau, Ovalau, Koro, Viti Levu, Vanua Levu and Taveuni)
 
−
**''T.c. eximius'': [[Fiji]] (Kandavu, Ono and Vanua Kula)
 
−
**''T.c. regina'':Futuna (Wallis and Futuna, central Polynesia)
 
−
* '''Colonist Kingfisher''' (''Todiramphus colonus'')
 
−
**''T.c.colonus'': Islands off south-eastern [[Papua New Guinea]] and Louisiade Archipelago
 
−
* '''Torresian Kingfisher''' (''Todiramphus sordidus'')
 
−
**''T.c.pilbara'': Western [[Australia]] (Exmouth Gulf to mouth of Turner River)
 
−
**''T.c.sordidus'': Southern [[New Guinea]], Aru Islands and coastal northern [[Australia]]
 
−
**''T.c.colcloughi'': Central [[Queensland]] coast to north-eastern [[New South Wales]]
 
−
* '''Collared Kingfisher''' (''Todiramphus chloris'')
 
−
**''T.c.abyssinicus'': West coast of Red Sea to head of Gulf of Aden
 
−
**''T.c.kalbaensis'': South coast of Arabian Peninsula to extreme north-western [[Oman]]
 
−
**''T.c.humii'': North-western [[India]] to [[Malaya|Malay Peninsula]], [[Thailand]], [[Myanmar]], Mergui Archaepelago
 
−
**''T.c.vidali'': Peninsular [[India]] (Ratnagiri District)
 
−
**''T.c.armstrongi'': Southern [[Thailand]] and [[Myanmar]]
 
−
**''T.c.davisoni'': [[Andaman Islands]] and [[Cocos Islands]] (Indian Ocean)
 
−
**''T.c.occipitalis'': [[Nicobar Islands]]
 
−
**''T.c.chloropterus'': Islands off western [[Sumatra]] (except Enggano)
 
−
**''T.c.azelus'': Enggano Island (off south-western [Sumatra]])
 
−
**''T.c.palmeri'': [[Java]], [[Bali]] and adjacent islands in Java Sea
 
−
**''T.c.laubmannianus'': Southern [[Sumatra]], [[Borneo]] and adjacent islands
 
−
**''T.c.collaris'': [[Philippines]], Sulu Archipelago and Palawan
 
−
**''T.c.chloris'': [[Sulawesi]] to north-western [[New Guinea]] and [[Lesser Sundas]]
 
−
**''T.c.teraokai'': Palau Islands (western Caroline Islands)
 
−
* '''Mariana Kingfisher''' (''Todiramphus albicilla'')
 
−
**''T.c.owstoni'': Northern Mariana Islands (Asuncion, Pagan, Almagan and Agrihan)
 
−
**''T.c.albicilla'': Southern Mariana Islands (Saipan, Tinian and Aguiguan)
 
−
**''T.c.orii'': Rota Island (southern Mariana Islands)
 
−
* '''Melanesian Kingfisher''' (''Todiramphus tristrami'')
 
−
**''T.c.matthiae'': St. Matthias Islands ([[Papua New Guinea]])
 
−
**''T.c.stresemanni'': Witu, Umboi and adjacent islands in Dampier Straits
 
−
**''T.c.nusae'': New Ireland (except south-west), New Hanover and Feni Islands
 
−
**''T.c.novaehiberniae'': New Ireland (Bismarck Archipelago)
 
−
**''T.c.bennetti'': Nissan Island (eastern [[Papua New Guinea]])
 
−
**''T.c.tristrami'': New Britain (Bismarck Archipelago)
 
−
**''T.c.alberti'': Buka, Bougainville and [[Solomon Islands]] (east to Guadalcanal)
 
−
The subspecies ''regina'', ''eximius'' and ''vitiensis'' are sometimes placed within [[Sacred Kingfisher]].
 
  
 
==Habitat==
 
==Habitat==
Line 86: Line 45:
 
It nests in holes.  The clutch consists of 2-7 round whitish eggs which are incubated by both parents. The young fledge about 44 days after hatching.
 
It nests in holes.  The clutch consists of 2-7 round whitish eggs which are incubated by both parents. The young fledge about 44 days after hatching.
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
#{{Ref-Clements6thAug14}}
+
#{{Ref-Clements6thAug15}}#{{Ref-GillDonsker15V5.4}}#Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (retrieved October 2015)
 
{{ref}}
 
{{ref}}
  

Revision as of 18:33, 28 October 2015

Photo by Romy Ocon
South Lagoon, Las Pinas City, Philippines
Todiramphus chloris

Todirhamphus chloris, Halcyon chloris

Identification

22-29 cm

  • Blue-green upperparts
  • White or buff underparts
  • White neck collar
  • Black eye stripe
  • Black bill
  • Pale yellow lower mandible

Female: more green
Subspecies vary with white or buff eyestripes, white spot between bill and eye.

Distribution

Locally around the Red Sea, the Arabian Peninsula, India to southeast Asia, Indonesia and the Philippines. Southern Asia and Malaysia.

Taxonomy

Courting behaviour
Photo by russkie
Langkawi, Malaysia

Was previously Halcyon chloris. The Sibley-Monroe spelling of the scientific name (Todirhamphus chloris) is incorrect. Clements and Howard & Moore both use Todiramphus chloris. More details in this discussion.
This is a polytypic species formerly consisting of 50+ subspecies which are now split into six species: Collared Kingfisher, Pacific Kingfisher, Torresian Kingfisher, Mariana Kingfisher, Melanesian Kingfisher and Colonist Kingfisher.

Photo by Romy Ocon
Manila Bay, Philippines, September 2010

Subspecies

14 subspecies recognized:

  • T. c. abyssinicus: West coast of Red Sea to head of Gulf of Aden
  • T. c. kalbaensis: South coast of Arabian Peninsula to extreme north-western Oman
  • T. c. humii: North-western India to Malay Peninsula, Thailand, Myanmar, Mergui Archaepelago
  • T. c. vidali: Peninsular India (Ratnagiri District)
  • T. c. armstrongi: Southern Thailand and Myanmar
  • T. c. davisoni: Andaman Islands and Cocos Islands (Indian Ocean)
  • T. c. occipitalis: Nicobar Islands
  • T. c. chloropterus: Islands off western Sumatra (except Enggano)
  • T. c. azelus: Enggano Island (off south-western [Sumatra]])
  • T. c. palmeri: Java, Bali and adjacent islands in Java Sea
  • T. c. laubmannianus: Southern Sumatra, Borneo and adjacent islands
  • T. c. collaris: Philippines, Sulu Archipelago and Palawan
  • T. c. chloris: Sulawesi to north-western New Guinea and Lesser Sundas
  • T. c. teraokai: Palau Islands (western Caroline Islands)

Habitat

Coastal areas, mangrove swamps, farmland, open woodland, grassland and gardens.

Behaviour

Diet

The diet includes crabs, insects, shrimps, frogs, worms, snails, lizards and small fish.

Breeding

It nests in holes. The clutch consists of 2-7 round whitish eggs which are incubated by both parents. The young fledge about 44 days after hatching.

References

  1. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2015. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2015, with updates to August 2015. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
  2. Gill, F and D Donsker (Eds). 2015. IOC World Bird Names (version 5.4). Available at http://www.worldbirdnames.org/.
  3. Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (retrieved October 2015)

Recommended Citation

External Links


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