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Difference between revisions of "Vermilion Flycatcher" - BirdForum Opus

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[[Image:Vermilion_Flycatcher.jpg|thumb|550px|right|''P. r. piurae'', female to the left, male to the right<br />Photo by {{user|mmdnje|mmdnje}}<br />Ayampe, Manabi Prov, [[Ecuador]].]]
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[[Image:Pyrocephalus rubinus rubinus male.jpg|thumb|550px|right|''P. r. rubinus'', male<br />Photo by {{user|Imageinnovator|Imageinnovator}}<br />[[Transpantaneira Road|Pantanal]], Mato Grosso, [[Brazil]], September 2016]]
 
;[[:Category:Pyrocephalus|Pyrocephalus]] rubinus
 
;[[:Category:Pyrocephalus|Pyrocephalus]] rubinus
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'''Includes: Scarlet Flycatcher, Darwin's Flycatcher, San Cristobal Flycatcher'''
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'''Includes: Scarlet Flycatcher, Darwin's Flycatcher, San Cristobal Flycatcher'''<br />
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[[Image:Vermilion Flycatcher male Anahuac NWR.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''P. r. flammeus'', male<br />Photo by {{user|Stanley+Jones|Stanley Jones}}<br />[[Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge]], Chambers County, [[Texas]], [[USA]], October 2017]]
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Name often mis-spelled "Vermillion" due to confusion with the number ''million''.
 +
[[Image:Pyrocephalus rubinus rubinus female.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''P. r. rubinus'', female<br />Photo by {{user|Imageinnovator|Imageinnovator}}<br />Poconê, Mato Grosso, [[Brazil]], August 2015]]
 
==Identification==
 
==Identification==
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L. 14 cm (5½ in)<br />
+
Length 13–14 cm (5½ in), weight 11–14 g<br />
 
Strongly sexually [[Dictionary_D-F#D|dimorphic]]. Adult male is unmistakable.<br />
 
Strongly sexually [[Dictionary_D-F#D|dimorphic]]. Adult male is unmistakable.<br />
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'''Male''':  Bright red underparts and cap, dark brownish wings, tail and mask.<br />
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'''Male''':  Bright vermilion-red underparts and cap, dark brownish wings, tail and mask.<br />
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'''Female''': Dull brownish or greyish upperparts, dark streaked whitish underparts. In some subspecies they have pinkish or yellow flanks and/or crissum.<br />
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'''Female''': Dull brownish or greyish upperparts, whitish underparts streaked dark brown. In some subspecies they have pinkish or yellow flanks and/or crissum.<br />
 
'''First year''': Resembles female but where female has reddish-pink lower belly and crissum, the first year birds often have a more yellowish or salmon wash. <br />
 
'''First year''': Resembles female but where female has reddish-pink lower belly and crissum, the first year birds often have a more yellowish or salmon wash. <br />
 
'''Second year''': Males start to acquire patches of red adult plumage, typically on the forehead first.
 
'''Second year''': Males start to acquire patches of red adult plumage, typically on the forehead first.
  
 
====Variation====  
 
====Variation====  
 +
[[Image:Vermilion Flycatcher male Anahuac NWR.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''P. r. mexicanus'', male<br />Photo by {{user|Stanley+Jones|Stanley Jones}}<br />[[Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge]], Chambers County, [[Texas]], [[USA]], October 2017]]
 
Females from [[Galapagos]] have virtually unstreaked, yellow underparts.
 
Females from [[Galapagos]] have virtually unstreaked, yellow underparts.
  
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Both sexes of race ''P. r. obscurus'' (from coastal [[Peru]]) also occur in a uniformly dark brown morph.  
+
Both sexes of subspecies ''P. r. obscurus'' (from coastal [[Peru]]) also occur in a uniformly dark brown morph.  
 
====Similar Species====
 
====Similar Species====
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[[Image:616 06388fg First Year Vermilion Flycatcher.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''P. r. flammeus'', juvenile<br />Photo by {{user|bobsofpa|bobsofpa}}<br />Cottonwood Campground, [[Big Bend National Park]], [[Texas]], [[USA]], April 2016]]
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Females and immatures are potentially confusing, but can be separated from most other superficially similar species (e.g. [[Bran-colored Flycatcher]]) by the faint or complete lack of wing-bars. From [[Say's Phoebe]] told by its smaller size, shorter tail, whitish supercilium, and streaked breast.
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Females and immatures are potentially confusing, but can be separated from most other superficially similar species (e.g. [[Bran-colored Flycatcher]]) by the faint or complete lack of wing-bars.
 
 
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
 +
[[Image:616 06388fg First Year Vermilion Flycatcher.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''P. r. mexicanus'', juvenile<br />Photo by {{user|bobsofpa|bobsofpa}}<br />Cottonwood Campground, [[Big Bend National Park]], [[Texas]], [[USA]], April 2016]]
 
It is widespread and generally common in most of central and northern [[South America]], [[Central America]], [[Mexico]] and southwestern [[United States]].
 
It is widespread and generally common in most of central and northern [[South America]], [[Central America]], [[Mexico]] and southwestern [[United States]].
  
 
Typically resident, but a large proportion of the population from the southernmost part of its range migrate north to spend the Austral winter in central South America. Additionally, most of the population in [[USA]] migrate south to spend the winter in Central America.
 
Typically resident, but a large proportion of the population from the southernmost part of its range migrate north to spend the Austral winter in central South America. Additionally, most of the population in [[USA]] migrate south to spend the winter in Central America.
 
==Taxonomy==
 
==Taxonomy==
 +
Recently split by IOC into four species, one in southeastern South America, one in northern and western South America, Central America, and southern North America, and two in the Galapagos Islands<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup> following genetic studies<sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup>; listed here as subspecies groups.
 +
 
====Subspecies====
 
====Subspecies====
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[[Image:Vermillion Flycatcher Female chocolate form Olivar Park San Isidro.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''P. r. obscurus'', second-year male, light morph<br />Photo by {{user|Stanley+Jones|Stanley Jones}}<br />Olivar Park, San Isidro, Lima, [[Peru]], August 2017]]
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Around 12–13 subspecies are generally recognised<sup>[[#References|[3]]]</sup>:<br />
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Around 13 subspecies are generally recognised<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>:<br />
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'''Rubinus Group''' (''Pyrocephalus rubinus'' sensu stricto; '''Scarlet Flycatcher''')
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[[Image:Pyrocephalus rubinus obscurus, male dark morph.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''P. r. obscurus'', dark morph male<br />Photo by {{user|Stanley+Jones|Stanley Jones}}<br /> Lima, [[Peru]], August 2017]]
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*''P. r. rubinus'': southeastern [[Brazil]] to southeastern [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]], [[Uruguay]], northeastern [[Argentina]]<br />
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'''Rubinus Group'''<br />
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'''Obscurus Group''' (''Pyrocephalus obscurus''; '''Vermilion Flycatcher''')
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*''P. r. flammeus'': Arid south-western [[US]] to [[Baja California]] and north-western [[Mexico]] (Nayarit)
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*''P. r. flammeus'': arid southwestern [[US]] to [[Baja California]] and north-western [[Mexico]] (Nayarit)
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*''P. r. mexicanus'': Arid south-western [[Texas]] to Guerrero, Oaxaca, Puebla and Veracruz
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*''P. r. mexicanus'': arid southwestern [[Texas]] to Guerrero, Oaxaca, Puebla and Veracruz
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*''P. r. blatteus'': South-eastern [[Mexico]] (southern Veracruz) to [[Guatemala]] and [[Honduras]]
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*''P. r. blatteus'': southeastern [[Mexico]] (southern Veracruz) to [[Guatemala]] and [[Honduras]]
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*''P. r. pinicola'': Lowland pine savanna of north-eastern [[Nicaragua]]
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*''P. r. pinicola'': lowland pine savanna of northeastern [[Nicaragua]]
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*''P. r. saturatus'': North-eastern [[Colombia]] to northern [[Venezuela]], [[Guyana]] and northern [[Brazil]]
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*''P. r. saturatus'': northeastern [[Colombia]] to northern [[Venezuela]], [[Guyana]] and northern [[Brazil]]
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*''P. r. piurae'': [[Colombia]] (west of Eastern Andes) to westelrn [[Ecuador]] and north-western [[Peru]]
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*''P. r. piurae'': [[Colombia]] (west of Eastern Andes) to westelrn [[Ecuador]] and northwestern [[Peru]]
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*''P. r. ardens'': Northern [[Peru]] (Cajamarca, Amazonas and extreme eastern Piura)
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*''P. r. ardens'': northern [[Peru]] (Cajamarca, Amazonas and extreme eastern Piura)
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*''P. r. obscurus'': Western [[Peru]] (Lima)
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*''P. r. obscurus'': western [[Peru]] (Lima)
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*''P. r. cocachacrae'': South-western [[Peru]] (Ica to Tacna) and adjacent northern [[Chile]]
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*''P. r. cocachacrae'': southwestern [[Peru]] (Ica to Tacna) and adjacent northern [[Chile]]
−
*''P. r. major'': South-eastern [[Peru]] (Cuzco and Puno)
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*''P. r. major'': southeastern [[Peru]] (Cuzco and Puno; doubtfully distinct from ''P. r. cocachacrae'')<br />
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*''P. r. rubinus'': Extreme south-eastern [[Brazil]] to south-eastern [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]], [[Uruguay]], north-eastern [[Argentina]]
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'''Main Galapagos Group''' (''Pyrocephalus nanus''; '''Darwin's Flycatcher''')
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'''Galapagos Group'''<br />
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*''P. r. nanus'': [[Galapagos Islands]] except for San Cristobal Island
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*''P. r. nanus'': [[Galapagos Islands]] (except Chatham Island)
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'''San Cristobal Island Group''' (''Pyrocephalus dubius''; '''San Cristobal Flycatcher''')
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*''P. r. dubius'': [[Chatham Island]] (Galapagos Islands), extinct
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*''P. r. dubius'': [[Galapagos Islands|San Cristobal (Chatham) Island]], Galapagos Islands, extinct
  
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It has been suggested that the two Galapagos subspecies ''P. r. nanus'' and ''P. r. dubius'' should be considered one or two separate species. IOC have now split those two as '''Darwin's Flycatcher''' and '''San Cristobal Flycatcher''' (already extinct). Further, they have also split ''P. r. rubinus'' as '''Scarlet Flycatcher''', leaving the rest of the species as Vermilion Flycatcher ''Pyrocephalus obscurus''<sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup>.
 
 
==Habitat==
 
==Habitat==
 +
[[Image:Vermillion Flycatcher Female chocolate form Olivar Park San Isidro.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''P. r. obscurus'', second-year male, light morph<br />Photo by {{user|Stanley+Jones|Stanley Jones}}<br />Olivar Park, San Isidro, Lima, [[Peru]], August 2017]]
 
Occurs in a wide range of open or semi-open habitats, including savanna, forest-edge, woodland, scrub, areas with scattered trees. Also in rural zones and city parks or gardens.
 
Occurs in a wide range of open or semi-open habitats, including savanna, forest-edge, woodland, scrub, areas with scattered trees. Also in rural zones and city parks or gardens.
 
==Behaviour==
 
==Behaviour==
 
====Diet====
 
====Diet====
 +
[[Image:Pyrocephalus rubinus obscurus, male dark morph.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''P. r. obscurus'', dark morph male<br />Photo by {{user|Stanley+Jones|Stanley Jones}}<br /> Lima, [[Peru]], August 2017]]
 
Feeds on small insects and spiders. It perches on an open branch, waiting for the prey. After locating it, the flycatcher pursues and captures it in flight.  
 
Feeds on small insects and spiders. It perches on an open branch, waiting for the prey. After locating it, the flycatcher pursues and captures it in flight.  
 
====Breeding====
 
====Breeding====
Line 54: Line 59:
 
Breeding is seasonal, but timing varies depending on region. The nest is an open cup loosely constructed by moss, grass, twigs and spiderwebs. The 2-3 eggs are incubated entirely by the female, but both sexes feed the chicks.
 
Breeding is seasonal, but timing varies depending on region. The nest is an open cup loosely constructed by moss, grass, twigs and spiderwebs. The 2-3 eggs are incubated entirely by the female, but both sexes feed the chicks.
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
#{{Ref-Clements6thAug17}}#{{Ref-GillDonsker17V7.3}}
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#{{Ref-GillDonsker17V7.3}}#Carmi, O., Witt, C. C., Jaramillo, A., & Dumbacher, J. P. (2016). Phylogeography of the Vermilion Flycatcher species complex: Multiple speciation events, shifts in migratory behavior, and an apparent extinction of a Galápagos-endemic bird species. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 102: 152-173 ([http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S105579031630118X abstract]).
 +
#{{Ref-Clements6thAug17}}
 
{{ref}}
 
{{ref}}
 
==External Links==
 
==External Links==

Revision as of 18:23, 26 December 2017

P. r. rubinus, male
Photo by Imageinnovator
Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil, September 2016
Pyrocephalus rubinus

Includes: Scarlet Flycatcher, Darwin's Flycatcher, San Cristobal Flycatcher
Name often mis-spelled "Vermillion" due to confusion with the number million.

P. r. rubinus, female
Photo by Imageinnovator
Poconê, Mato Grosso, Brazil, August 2015

Identification

Length 13–14 cm (5½ in), weight 11–14 g
Strongly sexually dimorphic. Adult male is unmistakable.
Male: Bright vermilion-red underparts and cap, dark brownish wings, tail and mask.
Female: Dull brownish or greyish upperparts, whitish underparts streaked dark brown. In some subspecies they have pinkish or yellow flanks and/or crissum.
First year: Resembles female but where female has reddish-pink lower belly and crissum, the first year birds often have a more yellowish or salmon wash.
Second year: Males start to acquire patches of red adult plumage, typically on the forehead first.

Variation

P. r. mexicanus, male
Photo by Stanley Jones
Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge, Chambers County, Texas, USA, October 2017

Females from Galapagos have virtually unstreaked, yellow underparts.

Both sexes of subspecies P. r. obscurus (from coastal Peru) also occur in a uniformly dark brown morph.

Similar Species

Females and immatures are potentially confusing, but can be separated from most other superficially similar species (e.g. Bran-colored Flycatcher) by the faint or complete lack of wing-bars. From Say's Phoebe told by its smaller size, shorter tail, whitish supercilium, and streaked breast.

Distribution

P. r. mexicanus, juvenile
Photo by bobsofpa
Cottonwood Campground, Big Bend National Park, Texas, USA, April 2016

It is widespread and generally common in most of central and northern South America, Central America, Mexico and southwestern United States.

Typically resident, but a large proportion of the population from the southernmost part of its range migrate north to spend the Austral winter in central South America. Additionally, most of the population in USA migrate south to spend the winter in Central America.

Taxonomy

Recently split by IOC into four species, one in southeastern South America, one in northern and western South America, Central America, and southern North America, and two in the Galapagos Islands[1] following genetic studies[2]; listed here as subspecies groups.

Subspecies

Around 12–13 subspecies are generally recognised[3]:
Rubinus Group (Pyrocephalus rubinus sensu stricto; Scarlet Flycatcher)

Obscurus Group (Pyrocephalus obscurus; Vermilion Flycatcher)

  • P. r. flammeus: arid southwestern US to Baja California and north-western Mexico (Nayarit)
  • P. r. mexicanus: arid southwestern Texas to Guerrero, Oaxaca, Puebla and Veracruz
  • P. r. blatteus: southeastern Mexico (southern Veracruz) to Guatemala and Honduras
  • P. r. pinicola: lowland pine savanna of northeastern Nicaragua
  • P. r. saturatus: northeastern Colombia to northern Venezuela, Guyana and northern Brazil
  • P. r. piurae: Colombia (west of Eastern Andes) to westelrn Ecuador and northwestern Peru
  • P. r. ardens: northern Peru (Cajamarca, Amazonas and extreme eastern Piura)
  • P. r. obscurus: western Peru (Lima)
  • P. r. cocachacrae: southwestern Peru (Ica to Tacna) and adjacent northern Chile
  • P. r. major: southeastern Peru (Cuzco and Puno; doubtfully distinct from P. r. cocachacrae)

Main Galapagos Group (Pyrocephalus nanus; Darwin's Flycatcher)

San Cristobal Island Group (Pyrocephalus dubius; San Cristobal Flycatcher)

Habitat

P. r. obscurus, second-year male, light morph
Photo by Stanley Jones
Olivar Park, San Isidro, Lima, Peru, August 2017

Occurs in a wide range of open or semi-open habitats, including savanna, forest-edge, woodland, scrub, areas with scattered trees. Also in rural zones and city parks or gardens.

Behaviour

Diet

P. r. obscurus, dark morph male
Photo by Stanley Jones
Lima, Peru, August 2017

Feeds on small insects and spiders. It perches on an open branch, waiting for the prey. After locating it, the flycatcher pursues and captures it in flight.

Breeding

The courtship display of the male involves singing, raising its crest, fluffing its breast-feathers and, sometimes, delivering a butterfly or showy insect to the female to initiate copulation.

Breeding is seasonal, but timing varies depending on region. The nest is an open cup loosely constructed by moss, grass, twigs and spiderwebs. The 2-3 eggs are incubated entirely by the female, but both sexes feed the chicks.

References

  1. Gill, F. and Donsker, D. (Eds). 2017. IOC World Bird Names (version 7.3). Available at http://www.worldbirdnames.org/.
  2. Carmi, O., Witt, C. C., Jaramillo, A., & Dumbacher, J. P. (2016). Phylogeography of the Vermilion Flycatcher species complex: Multiple speciation events, shifts in migratory behavior, and an apparent extinction of a Galápagos-endemic bird species. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 102: 152-173 (abstract).
  3. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2017. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2017, with updates to August 2017. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/

Recommended Citation

External Links


This link searches for videos of Vermilion Flycatcher

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