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Difference between revisions of "Vermilion Flycatcher" - BirdForum Opus

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;Pyrocephalus rubinus
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[[Image:Pyrocephalus rubinus rubinus male.jpg|thumb|550px|right|''P. r. rubinus'', male<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|Imageinnovator|Imageinnovator}}<br />[[Transpantaneira Road|Pantanal]], Mato Grosso, [[Brazil]], September 2016]]
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[[Image:Vermilion_Flycatcher.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo by mmdnje
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;[[:Category:Pyrocephalus|Pyrocephalus]] rubinus
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<br>Female to the left, male to the right.
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'''Includes: Scarlet Flycatcher'''<br />
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<br>Locality: Ayampe, Manabi Prov, Ecuador.]]
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Name often mis-spelled "Vermillion" due to confusion with the number ''million''.
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==Description==
 
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Total length ca. 14 cm (5½ in). Strongly sexually dimorphic. The male has bright red underparts and cap and dark brownish wings, tail and mask. The female has dull brownish or greyish upperparts, dark-streaked whitish underparts and, in some subspecies, pinkish or yellow flanks and/or crissum. Females from Galápagos have virtually unstreaked, yellow underparts. Both sexes of race ''obscurus'' (from coastal Peru) also occur in a uniformly dark brown morph. The immature resemble the female.
 
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[[Image:Juvenile Vermilion Flycatcher.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Photo by bobsofpa
 
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<br>Juvenile in Big Bend National Park, Texas, USA.]]
 
 
==Identification==
 
==Identification==
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The male is unmistakable. Females and immatures are potentially more confusing, but can be separated from most other superficially similar species (e.g. [[Bran-colored Flycatcher]]) by the faint or complete lack of wing-bars.
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[[Image:Pyrocephalus rubinus rubinus female.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''P. r. rubinus'', female<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|Imageinnovator|Imageinnovator}}<br />Poconê, Mato Grosso, [[Brazil]], August 2015]]
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Length 13–14 cm (5½ in), weight 11–14 g<br />
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Strongly sexually [[Dictionary_D-F#D|dimorphic]]. Adult male is unmistakable.<br />
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'''Male''':  Bright vermilion-red underparts and cap, dark brownish wings, tail and mask.<br />
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'''Female''': Dull brownish or greyish upperparts, whitish underparts streaked dark brown. In some subspecies they have pinkish or yellow flanks and/or [[Dictionary A-C#C|crissum]].<br />
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'''First year''': Resembles female but where female has reddish-pink lower belly and crissum, the first year birds often have a more yellowish or salmon wash. <br />
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'''Second year''': Males start to acquire patches of red adult plumage, typically on the forehead first.
  
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[[Image:616 06388fg First Year Vermilion Flycatcher.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''P. r. mexicanus'', juvenile<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|bobsofpa|bobsofpa}}<br />Cottonwood Campground, [[Big Bend National Park]], [[Texas]], [[USA]], April 2016]]
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Both sexes of subspecies ''P. r. obscurus'' (from coastal [[Peru]]) also occur in a uniformly dark brown morph.
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====Similar Species====
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[[Image:Vermilion Flycatcher male Anahuac NWR.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''P. r. mexicanus'', male<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|Stanley+Jones|Stanley Jones}}<br />[[Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge]], Chambers County, [[Texas]], [[USA]], October 2017]]
 +
Females and immatures are potentially confusing, but can be separated from most other superficially similar species (e.g. [[Bran-colored Flycatcher]]) by the faint or complete lack of wing-bars. From [[Say's Phoebe]] told by its smaller size, shorter tail, whitish supercilium, and streaked breast.
 
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
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It is widespread and generally common in most of central and northern South America, Central America, Mexico and southwestern United States. Typically resident, but a large proportion of the population from the southernmost part of its range migrate north to spend the Austral winter in central South America. Additionally, most of the population in USA migrate south to spend the winter in Central America.
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[[File:Vermilion_Flycatcher_Pr-flammeus_Female_JMR.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''P. r. flammeus'', female<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|jmorlan|Joseph Morlan}}<br />Merced, [[California]], [[USA]], 17 February 2021]]
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It is widespread and generally common in most of central and northern [[South America]], [[Central America]], [[Mexico]] and southwestern [[United States]].
 +
 
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Typically resident, but a large proportion of the population from the southernmost part of its range migrate north to spend the Austral winter in central South America. Additionally, most of the population in [[USA]] migrate south to spend the winter in Central America.
 +
==Taxonomy==
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[[Image:Vermillion Flycatcher Female chocolate form Olivar Park San Isidro.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''P. r. obscurus'', second-year male, light morph<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|Stanley+Jones|Stanley Jones}}<br />Olivar Park, San Isidro, Lima, [[Peru]], August 2017]]
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This species formerly included [[Brujo Flycatcher]].
 +
Recently split by IOC into two species, one in southeastern South America and the other in northern and western South America, Central America, and southern North America<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup> following genetic studies<sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup>; these are listed here as subspecies groups.
 +
 
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====Subspecies====
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[[Image:Vermilion Flycatcher chocolate morph Lima Per .jpg|thumb|350px|right|''P. r. obscurus'', dark morph male<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|Stanley+Jones|Stanley Jones}}<br />Parque El Olivar in San Isidro, Lima, [[Peru]], April 2017]]
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Around 11 subspecies are generally recognised<sup>[[#References|[3]]]</sup>:
 +
 
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'''Rubinus Group''' (''Pyrocephalus rubinus'' sensu stricto; '''Scarlet Flycatcher''')
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*''P. r. rubinus'': southeastern [[Brazil]] to southeastern [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]], [[Uruguay]], northeastern [[Argentina]]<br />
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'''Obscurus Group''' (''Pyrocephalus r. obscurus''; '''Vermilion Flycatcher''')
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*''P. r. flammeus'': arid southwestern [[US]] to [[Baja California]] and north-western [[Mexico]] (Nayarit)
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*''P. r. mexicanus'': arid southwestern [[Texas]] to Guerrero, Oaxaca, Puebla and Veracruz
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*''P. r. blatteus'': southeastern [[Mexico]] (southern Veracruz) to [[Guatemala]] and [[Honduras]]
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*''P. r. pinicola'': lowland pine savanna of northeastern [[Nicaragua]]
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*''P. r. saturatus'': northeastern [[Colombia]] to northern [[Venezuela]], [[Guyana]] and northern [[Brazil]]
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*''P. r. piurae'': [[Colombia]] (west of Eastern Andes) to westelrn [[Ecuador]] and northwestern [[Peru]]
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*''P. r. ardens'': northern [[Peru]] (Cajamarca, Amazonas and extreme eastern Piura)
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*''P. r. obscurus'': western [[Peru]] (Lima)
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*''P. r. cocachacrae'': southwestern [[Peru]] (Ica to Tacna) and adjacent northern [[Chile]]
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*''P. r. major'': southeastern [[Peru]] (Cuzco and Puno; doubtfully distinct from ''P. r. cocachacrae'')<br />
  
 
==Habitat==
 
==Habitat==
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Occurs in a wide range of open or semi-open habitats, incl. savanna, forest-edge, woodland, scrub, areas with scattered trees. Also in rural zones and city parks or gardens.
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[[File:Vermilion-Flycatcher_Subspecies-saturatus_NIELS.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''saturatus''<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|njlarsen|NJ Larsen}}<br /> El Camarones, Guajira, [[Colombia]], 29 August 2023]]
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Occurs in a wide range of open or semi-open habitats, including savanna, forest-edge, woodland, scrub, areas with scattered trees. Also in rural zones and city parks or gardens.
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[[Image:Vermilion Flycatcher dark morph.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Photo by Mariano Mavila
 
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<br>Dark morph in Lima, Peru.]]
 
 
==Behaviour==
 
==Behaviour==
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Feeds on small insects and spiders. It perches on an open branch, waiting for the prey. After locating it, the flycatcher pursues and capture it in flight. The courtship display of the male involves singing, raising its crest, fluffing its breast-feathers, and, sometimes, delivering a butterfly or showy insect to the female to initiate copulation. Breeding is seasonal, but timing varies depending on region. The nest is an open cup loosely constructed by moss, grass, twigs and spiderwebs. The 2-3 eggs are incubated entirely by the female, but both sexes feed the chicks.
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[[File:Vermilion_Flycatcher_Flight_MT.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Photo &copy; by {{user|mtbirder|mtbirder}}<br />Tuscon, [[Arizona]]]]
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====Diet====
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Feeds on small insects and spiders. It perches on an open branch, waiting for the prey. After locating it, the flycatcher pursues and captures it in flight.  
 +
====Breeding====
 +
The courtship display of the male involves singing, raising its crest, fluffing its breast-feathers and, sometimes, delivering a butterfly or showy insect to the female to initiate copulation.
  
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==Taxonomy==
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Breeding is seasonal, but timing varies depending on region. The nest is an open cup loosely constructed by moss, grass, twigs and spiderwebs. The 2-3 eggs are incubated entirely by the female, but both sexes feed the chicks.
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'''Kingdom:''' Animalia -> '''Phylum:''' Chordata -> '''Class:''' Aves -> '''Order:''' Passeriformes -> '''Family:''' Tyrannidae -> '''Genus:''' ''Pyrocephalus'' -> '''Species:''' ''P. rubinus''<br>
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==References==
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Numerous subspecies are known. It has been suggested that the two Galápagos races, ''nanus'' and ''dubius'', should be considered one or two separate species.
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#{{Ref-GillDonskerRasmussen22V12.1}}#Carmi, O., Witt, C. C., Jaramillo, A., & Dumbacher, J. P. (2016). Phylogeography of the Vermilion Flycatcher species complex: Multiple speciation events, shifts in migratory behavior, and an apparent extinction of a Galápagos-endemic bird species. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 102: 152-173 ([http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S105579031630118X abstract]).
 +
#{{Ref-Clements6thAug21}}
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{{ref}}
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==External Links==
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{{GSearch| ”Pyrocephalus rubinus" {{!}} "Vermilion Flycatcher" {{!}} "Scarlet Flycatcher"}}
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<br />
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{{GS-checked}}
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<br />
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<br />
  
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==External Links==
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[[Category:Birds]] [[Category:Pyrocephalus]]
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{{GSearch|Pyrocephalus+rubinus}}
 
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[[Category:Birds]]
 

Latest revision as of 18:27, 16 November 2023

P. r. rubinus, male
Photo © by Imageinnovator
Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil, September 2016
Pyrocephalus rubinus

Includes: Scarlet Flycatcher
Name often mis-spelled "Vermillion" due to confusion with the number million.

Identification

P. r. rubinus, female
Photo © by Imageinnovator
Poconê, Mato Grosso, Brazil, August 2015

Length 13–14 cm (5½ in), weight 11–14 g
Strongly sexually dimorphic. Adult male is unmistakable.
Male: Bright vermilion-red underparts and cap, dark brownish wings, tail and mask.
Female: Dull brownish or greyish upperparts, whitish underparts streaked dark brown. In some subspecies they have pinkish or yellow flanks and/or crissum.
First year: Resembles female but where female has reddish-pink lower belly and crissum, the first year birds often have a more yellowish or salmon wash.
Second year: Males start to acquire patches of red adult plumage, typically on the forehead first.

P. r. mexicanus, juvenile
Photo © by bobsofpa
Cottonwood Campground, Big Bend National Park, Texas, USA, April 2016

Both sexes of subspecies P. r. obscurus (from coastal Peru) also occur in a uniformly dark brown morph.

Similar Species

P. r. mexicanus, male
Photo © by Stanley Jones
Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge, Chambers County, Texas, USA, October 2017

Females and immatures are potentially confusing, but can be separated from most other superficially similar species (e.g. Bran-colored Flycatcher) by the faint or complete lack of wing-bars. From Say's Phoebe told by its smaller size, shorter tail, whitish supercilium, and streaked breast.

Distribution

P. r. flammeus, female
Photo © by Joseph Morlan
Merced, California, USA, 17 February 2021

It is widespread and generally common in most of central and northern South America, Central America, Mexico and southwestern United States.

Typically resident, but a large proportion of the population from the southernmost part of its range migrate north to spend the Austral winter in central South America. Additionally, most of the population in USA migrate south to spend the winter in Central America.

Taxonomy

P. r. obscurus, second-year male, light morph
Photo © by Stanley Jones
Olivar Park, San Isidro, Lima, Peru, August 2017

This species formerly included Brujo Flycatcher. Recently split by IOC into two species, one in southeastern South America and the other in northern and western South America, Central America, and southern North America[1] following genetic studies[2]; these are listed here as subspecies groups.

Subspecies

P. r. obscurus, dark morph male
Photo © by Stanley Jones
Parque El Olivar in San Isidro, Lima, Peru, April 2017

Around 11 subspecies are generally recognised[3]:

Rubinus Group (Pyrocephalus rubinus sensu stricto; Scarlet Flycatcher)

Obscurus Group (Pyrocephalus r. obscurus; Vermilion Flycatcher)

  • P. r. flammeus: arid southwestern US to Baja California and north-western Mexico (Nayarit)
  • P. r. mexicanus: arid southwestern Texas to Guerrero, Oaxaca, Puebla and Veracruz
  • P. r. blatteus: southeastern Mexico (southern Veracruz) to Guatemala and Honduras
  • P. r. pinicola: lowland pine savanna of northeastern Nicaragua
  • P. r. saturatus: northeastern Colombia to northern Venezuela, Guyana and northern Brazil
  • P. r. piurae: Colombia (west of Eastern Andes) to westelrn Ecuador and northwestern Peru
  • P. r. ardens: northern Peru (Cajamarca, Amazonas and extreme eastern Piura)
  • P. r. obscurus: western Peru (Lima)
  • P. r. cocachacrae: southwestern Peru (Ica to Tacna) and adjacent northern Chile
  • P. r. major: southeastern Peru (Cuzco and Puno; doubtfully distinct from P. r. cocachacrae)

Habitat

Subspecies saturatus
Photo © by NJ Larsen
El Camarones, Guajira, Colombia, 29 August 2023

Occurs in a wide range of open or semi-open habitats, including savanna, forest-edge, woodland, scrub, areas with scattered trees. Also in rural zones and city parks or gardens.

Behaviour

Photo © by mtbirder
Tuscon, Arizona

Diet

Feeds on small insects and spiders. It perches on an open branch, waiting for the prey. After locating it, the flycatcher pursues and captures it in flight.

Breeding

The courtship display of the male involves singing, raising its crest, fluffing its breast-feathers and, sometimes, delivering a butterfly or showy insect to the female to initiate copulation.

Breeding is seasonal, but timing varies depending on region. The nest is an open cup loosely constructed by moss, grass, twigs and spiderwebs. The 2-3 eggs are incubated entirely by the female, but both sexes feed the chicks.

References

  1. Gill, F, D Donsker, and P Rasmussen (Eds). 2022. IOC World Bird List (v 12.1 DRAFT). Doi 10.14344/IOC.ML.12.1. http://www.worldbirdnames.org/
  2. Carmi, O., Witt, C. C., Jaramillo, A., & Dumbacher, J. P. (2016). Phylogeography of the Vermilion Flycatcher species complex: Multiple speciation events, shifts in migratory behavior, and an apparent extinction of a Galápagos-endemic bird species. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 102: 152-173 (abstract).
  3. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2021. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2021. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/

Recommended Citation

External Links


GSearch checked for 2020 platform.

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