The BTO Ringing Scheme operates under general licences from the Government conservation agencies in each UK country, with policy being guided by a Committee and four expert panels. Every year, some 800,000 birds are ringed by over 2,000 licensed ringers, most of who are volunteers. The lightweight rings carry a unique number and return address and are designed to comfortably fit the bird’s leg so that they do not cause any problems (there are currently 22 different types of ring).
The main focus of the modern ringing scheme is the monitoring of populations (see
http://www.bto.org/birdtrends). Ringing data allow us to calculate indices of annual productivity and also annual survival rates for many species. With our world changing so rapidly, it is important to continually monitor how birds react to these changes, for the better or worse.
The real conservation use of ringing comes when we need to investigate why a population is declining. IPM (Integrated Population Monitoring) models (
http://www.bto.org/survey/ipm.htm) using ringing and other survey data can help us to identify changes at which stage of a bird’s life are most likely to be causing a population decline. By identifying this crucial life stage, valuable, and often limited, conservation funds can be used in a more directed fashion.
For example, recent analyses have shown differing causes for the decline of some species: Song Thrush (decrease in survival of first-winter birds); Linnet (increase in nest failure and decrease in productivity); Reed Bunting (decrease in over-winter survival).
The BTO’s Migration Atlas is also testimony to the efforts of BTO ringers over the 95+ years of the scheme, summarising our current knowledge of bird movements, but also highlighting areas where there is still much to learn. For example, we still don’t fully understand the movements of Red-listed species such as Turtle Dove (79% long-term population decline), Yellow Wagtail (65% population decline) and Spotted Flycatcher (86% population decline). Currently analyses of ringing data are also providing crucial information for managing the potential spread of avian influenza (bird flu).
It is important to remember that all ringing studies look at healthy wild birds, so it is essential that birds are not affected unduly by the fitting and wearing of a ring. If birds were affected, ringing would not tell us how healthy wild birds behave. All ringers are thus thoroughly trained and licensed and the welfare of the bird is always paramount. Many studies have shown that, after ringing, migrants continue their journeys and that birds ringed during the breeding season quickly return to incubating eggs, or feeding chicks.
For more details about the scheme, visit the BTO website at
www.bto.org/ringing or download the attached leaflet.
Mark Grantham
BTO Ringing Unit
(Fresh back from ringing in Colombia)