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Difference between revisions of "Eurasian Wren" - BirdForum Opus

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[[Image:Winter_Wren.jpg|thumb|500px|right|Photo by {{user|Steve+Round|Steve Round}}<br />Wirral, [[Cheshire]], [[England]], July 2004]]
+
[[Image:Winterkoning-5026.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Subspecies ''T. t. troglodytes'' <br />Photo &copy; by {{user|gaviao-real|gaviao-real}}<br />[[Netherlands]], June 2009]]
 
;[[:Category:Troglodytes|Troglodytes]] troglodytes
 
;[[:Category:Troglodytes|Troglodytes]] troglodytes
 
==Identification==
 
==Identification==
−
Length is 9-10 cm (3.5 - 4 inches)
+
[[Image:Winter_Wren.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''T. t. indigenus'' <br />Photo &copy; by {{user|Steve+Round|Steve Round}}<br />Wirral, [[Cheshire]], [[England]], July 2004]]
 +
Length is 9-10 cm (3½-4 in), weight 6-12 g.
 
*Mostly brown, in most populations with a reddish tint
 
*Mostly brown, in most populations with a reddish tint
 +
*Barred wing and tail feathers
 
*Small tail (often cocked)
 
*Small tail (often cocked)
 
*Pale buff underside (some populations almost as dark as the back)
 
*Pale buff underside (some populations almost as dark as the back)
−
*Prominent pale supercilium
+
*Prominent pale [[Topography#Heads|supercilium]]
 
*Bill slightly down curved
 
*Bill slightly down curved
−
[[Image:Winterkoning-5026.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''troglodytes'' <br />Photo by {{user|gaviao-real|gaviao-real}}<br />[[Netherlands]], June 2009]]
+
====Variations====
 
Island populations tends to be larger birds than continental populations. For example in [[Iceland]] and the [[Faroe Islands]], wings, legs, and bill are longer than in the UK.  
 
Island populations tends to be larger birds than continental populations. For example in [[Iceland]] and the [[Faroe Islands]], wings, legs, and bill are longer than in the UK.  
 
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
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In [[Asia]], it is widely distributed from north to south in the eastern end, but in central Asia, there is a gap separating those populations from western Asian and European populations.  
 
In [[Asia]], it is widely distributed from north to south in the eastern end, but in central Asia, there is a gap separating those populations from western Asian and European populations.  
 
==Taxonomy==
 
==Taxonomy==
 +
[[Image:Wren.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''T. t. cypriotes'' <br />Photo &copy; by {{user|lior+kislev|lior kislev}}<br />Rosh Pina wadi, Galil, [[Israel]], February 2009]]
 +
Was formerly considered conspecific with [[Winter Wren]] and [[Pacific Wren]], but the three were split on the basis of vocal and genetic evidence<sup>[[#References|[1]]][[#References|[2]]]</sup>.
 +
 +
Rice et al (1999) proposed placing these species in a separate genus, ''[[:Category:Nannus|Nannus]]''<sup>[[#References|3]]</sup>. Later molecular studies support this classification, because the closest relatives of Eurasian Wren, [[Winter Wren]] and [[Pacific Wren]] are not other members of the genus ''Troglodytes'', but the [[Marsh Wren|Marsh]] and [[Sedge Wren]]s<sup>[[#References|4]]</sup>, though this classification has not been followed by any of the main authorities<sup>[[#References|[5]]][[#References|[6]]]</sup>.
 
====Subspecies====
 
====Subspecies====
−
[[Image:Wren.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''cypriotes'' <br />Photo by {{user|lior+kislev|lior kislev}}<br />Rosh Pina wadi, Galil, [[Israel]], February 2009]]
+
[[Image:IMG 0049a.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''T. t. hirtensis'', St Kilda Wren <br />Heavier barring, greyer (less rufus) plumage and stockier body than mainland species<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|Bert+Swan|Bert Swan}}<br />Seen on 430 metre cliff, Hirta, [[St Kilda]], [[Outer Hebrides]], [[Scotland]]]]
−
Many subspecies have been described<sup>[[#References|[4]]]</sup>:
+
[[Image:Winter Wren A.JPG|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''T. t. taivanus'' <br />Photo &copy; by {{user|Mark+Bruce|Mark Bruce}}<br />Anmashan, Taichung County, [[Taiwan]], December 2008<br />A high alpine subspecies found in forest undergrowth between 2000m-3400m]]
 +
A total of 28-29 subspecies are accepted<sup>[[#References|[5]]][[#References|[6]]]</sup>:
 
*''T. t. islandicus'': [[Iceland]]
 
*''T. t. islandicus'': [[Iceland]]
−
*''T. t. borealis'': [[Faeroe Islands]] (north Atlantic Ocean)
+
*''T. t. borealis'': [[Faroe Islands]] (north Atlantic Ocean)
 
*''T. t. zetlandicus'': [[Shetland Islands]] ([[Scotland]])
 
*''T. t. zetlandicus'': [[Shetland Islands]] ([[Scotland]])
−
*''T. t. hebridensis'': [[Outer Hebrides]] Islands ([[Scotland]])
 
 
*''T. t. fridariensis'': [[Fair Isle]] ([[Scotland]])
 
*''T. t. fridariensis'': [[Fair Isle]] ([[Scotland]])
−
*''T. t. hirtensis'': [[St Kilda]] Islands ([[Scotland]])
+
*''T. t. hirtensis'': [[St Kilda]] ([[Scotland]])
−
*''T. t. indigenus'': [[Ireland]], [[Inner Hebrides]], [[Orkneys]], [[Scotland]] and [[England]]
+
*''T. t. hebridensis'': [[Outer Hebrides]] ([[Scotland]])
 +
*''T. t. indigenus'': [[Ireland]], and [[Great Britain]] apart from islands above
 
*''T. t. troglodytes'': Continental [[Europe]] and [[Asia]] Minor
 
*''T. t. troglodytes'': Continental [[Europe]] and [[Asia]] Minor
 
*''T. t. kabylorum'': [[Balearic Islands]], southern [[Spain]] and north-western [[Africa]] ([[Morocco]] to [[Tunisia]])
 
*''T. t. kabylorum'': [[Balearic Islands]], southern [[Spain]] and north-western [[Africa]] ([[Morocco]] to [[Tunisia]])
 
*''T. t. koenigi'': [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]]
 
*''T. t. koenigi'': [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]]
−
*''T. t.s cypriotes'': [[Crete]], [[Rhodes]], [[Cyprus]] and Near East
+
*''T. t. juniperi'': Northwestern [[Libya]]
 +
*''T. t. cypriotes'': [[Crete]], [[Rhodes]], [[Cyprus]] and Near East
 
*''T. t. hyrcanus'': Crimean Peninsula to Caucasus Mountains, northern [[Iraq]] and [[Iran]]
 
*''T. t. hyrcanus'': Crimean Peninsula to Caucasus Mountains, northern [[Iraq]] and [[Iran]]
−
*''T. t. juniperi'': North-western [[Libya]]
+
*''T. t. zagrossiensis'': Western Iran (not considered distinct by all authorities<sup>[[#References|[5]]]</sup>)
−
*''T. t. tianschanicus'': North-eastern [[Iran]] and southern Transcaspia to northern [[Afghanistan]] and [[Turkestan]]
+
*''T. t. tianschanicus'': Northeastern [[Iran]] and southern Transcaspia to northern [[Afghanistan]] and Turkestan
 +
*''T. t. subpallidus'': [[Himalaya]] of [[Afghanistan]]
 +
*''T. t. magrathi'': Mountains on borders of [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]]<br />
 +
*''T. t. neglectus'': Western [[Himalaya]] (Gilgit to western [[Nepal]])
 +
*''T. t. nipalensis'': [[Himalaya]] of [[Nepal]] to north-eastern Assam and southern [[Tibet]]
 +
*''T. t. idius'': Northern [[China]] (south Hebei to Shandong)
 +
*''T. t. szetschuanus'': Western [[China]] (southern Shaanxi and Sichuan east to Hupei)
 +
*''T. t. talifuensis'': Southwestern [[China]] (southern Sichuan to western Yunnan) and northeastern [[Burma]]
 +
*''T. t. dauricus'': Eastern [[Siberia]] to Sakhalin, Manchuria and [[Korea]]
 
*''T. t. pallescens'': Kamchatka Peninsula and Komandorskiye Islands
 
*''T. t. pallescens'': Kamchatka Peninsula and Komandorskiye Islands
−
[[Image:Winter Wren A.JPG|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''taivanus'' <br />Photo by {{user|Mark+Bruce|Mark Bruce}}<br />Anmashan, Taichung County, [[Taiwan]], December 2008<br />A high alpine species found in forest undergrowth between 2000m-3400m]]
 
 
*''T. t. kurilensis'': Northern Kuril Islands (Shasukotan and Ushichi)
 
*''T. t. kurilensis'': Northern Kuril Islands (Shasukotan and Ushichi)
 
*''T. t. fumigatus'': Southern Kuril Islands and [[Japan]]
 
*''T. t. fumigatus'': Southern Kuril Islands and [[Japan]]
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*''T. t. ogawae'': Southern [[Japan|Japanese Archipelago]] (Tanegashima and Yakushima)
 
*''T. t. ogawae'': Southern [[Japan|Japanese Archipelago]] (Tanegashima and Yakushima)
 
*''T. t. taivanus'': [[Taiwan]]
 
*''T. t. taivanus'': [[Taiwan]]
−
*''T. t. dauricus'': Eastern [[Siberia]] to [[Sakhalin]], Manchuria and [[Korea]]
 
−
*''T. t. idius'': Northern [[China]] (south Hebei to Shandong)
 
−
*''T. t. szetschuanus'': South-western [[China]] (southern Shaanxi and Sichuan east to Hupei)
 
−
*''T. t. talifuensis'': Western [[China]] (southern Sichuan to western Yunnan) and north-eastern [[Burma]]
 
−
*''T. t. subpallidus'': [[Himalayas]] of [[Afghanistan]]
 
−
*''T. t. neglectus'': Western [[Himalayas]] (Gilgit to western [[Nepal]])
 
−
*''T. t. nipalensis'': [[Himalayas]] of [[Nepal]] to north-eastern Assam and southern [[Tibet]]
 
−
*''T. t. magrathi'': Mountains on borders of [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]]<br />
 
−
[[Image:IMG 0049a.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''hirtensis'', St Kilda Wren <br />Heavier barring, greyer (less rufus) plumage and stockier body than mainland species<br />Photo by {{user|Bert+Swan|Bert Swan}}<br />Hirta, [[St Kilda]], [[Outer Hebrides]], [[Scotland]]<br />Seen on 430 metre cliff]]
 
−
Was formerly considered conspecific with [[Winter Wren]] and [[Pacific Wren]].
 
  
−
Rice et al in 1999 proposed placing this species in its own genus, ''[[: Category:Nannus|Nannus]]''<sup>[[#References|2]]</sup>. Later molecular studies support this classification, because the closest relative of [[Winter Wren]] are not other members of the genus ''Troglodytes'' but the [[Marsh Wren|Marsh]] and [[Sedge Wren]]s<sup>[[#References|3]]</sup>.
 
 
==Habitat==
 
==Habitat==
 
Can be found in almost any habitat, low down in undergrowth from gardens and woodland to clifftops.  
 
Can be found in almost any habitat, low down in undergrowth from gardens and woodland to clifftops.  
 
==Behaviour==
 
==Behaviour==
 +
[[Image:1-06-S64A6619-2.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Fledgling, subspecies ''indigenus''<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|max1|max1}}<br />[[Lakenheath Fen]], [[Suffolk]], August 2019]]
 
Tends to keep low when flying.
 
Tends to keep low when flying.
 
====Diet====
 
====Diet====
−
Forages under dense cover for small insects and spiders
+
Forages under dense cover for small insects and spiders.
 
====Breeding====
 
====Breeding====
 
The nest is a ball of grass, leaves or other vegetation and may be placed in a bank hole, in thick vegetation or tucked under overhang. The clutch consists of 5-8 white eggs with brownish-red speckles. They are incubated for about 2 weeks and fledge around 16 or 17 days later.
 
The nest is a ball of grass, leaves or other vegetation and may be placed in a bank hole, in thick vegetation or tucked under overhang. The clutch consists of 5-8 white eggs with brownish-red speckles. They are incubated for about 2 weeks and fledge around 16 or 17 days later.
−
[[Image:Wren-8953.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Subspecies ''zetlandicus''<br />Photo by {{user|jtwood|jtwood}}<br />[[Shetland]], 2012]]
+
 
 
There are usually 2 broods in the season which runs from April to August.
 
There are usually 2 broods in the season which runs from April to August.
 
====Vocalisation====
 
====Vocalisation====
 
'''Call:''' Hard, dry ''chit'' or ''chiti'' <br />
 
'''Call:''' Hard, dry ''chit'' or ''chiti'' <br />
−
'''Song:''' Loud (especially given its size) warbling. Can last up to ten seconds.
+
'''Song:''' Loud (especially given its size) warbling. Can last up to ten seconds.<br />
 +
<br />
 +
'''[[Media:DSCN1861.mp3|Song Clip]]'''<br />
 +
Recording &copy; by {{user|jmorlan|Joseph Morlan}}<br />Rosyth, Fife, Scotland, [[UK]], 03 August 2018
 +
==Gallery==
 +
Click on photo for larger image
 +
<gallery>
 +
Image:IMG 20180420 083121.jpg|Displaying<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|Andy+Hall|Andy Hall}}<br />Nottingham, [[UK]], April 2018
 +
Image:Wren-8953.jpg|Subspecies ''T. t. zetlandicus''<br />Photo &copy; by the late '''[http://www.birdforum.net/gallery/showgallery.php?cat=500&ppuser=35827 Jim Wood]'''<br />[[Shetland]], 2012
 +
Image:Wren 6891 .jpg|Subspecies ''T. t. indigenus'' <br />Photo &copy; by {{user|mali|mali}}<br />[[Norfolk]] Broads, March 2017
 +
</gallery>
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
# Toews DP, Irwin DE 2008. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18444983 Mol Ecol.] Jun;17(11):2691-705
+
#Dvoretski, S. V., et al. (2004). ''Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B'' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691619/pdf/15129966.pdf 271: 545–551].
−
# Rice et al 1999 [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/issues/v101n02/p0446-p0451.pdf Condor] 101:446-451
+
#Toews, D. P., & Irwin, D. E. (2008). ''Molecular Ecology'' [http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~toews/graduate_student_files/Toews&Irwin2008.pdf 17 (11): 2691-2705].
 +
# Rice, N. H., et al. (1999). ''Condor'' [http://web.archive.org/web/20110614014419/http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/issues/v101n02/p0446-p0451.pdf 101:446-451].
 
# [http://www.birdforum.net/showthread.php?t=114503&highlight=Troglodytes+pacificus Thread] in Birdforum Taxonomy forum and references therein.
 
# [http://www.birdforum.net/showthread.php?t=114503&highlight=Troglodytes+pacificus Thread] in Birdforum Taxonomy forum and references therein.
−
#{{Ref-Clements6thOct12}}#Bird Watching Magazine
+
#{{Ref-Clements6thAug19}}#{{Ref-GillDonsker14V4.4}}
−
#[http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1525/auk.2010.127.3.726 51st supplement to the AOU checklist of North American birds]
 
 
{{ref}}
 
{{ref}}
 
==External Links==
 
==External Links==
−
{{GSearch|troglodytes_troglodytes}}  
+
{{GSearch|"troglodytes troglodytes" {{!}} Eurasian Wren"}}
 +
{{GS-checked}}1
 
<br />
 
<br />
−
{{Video|Eurasian_Wren}}
 
 
<br />
 
<br />
−
{{Video|Winter_Wren Use "Winter Wren" to}}<!--I've PMd the members who have used Winter Wren for the European species, hopefully they'll re-title their videos, then this search link can be deleted-->
 
  
−
[[Category:Birds]] [[Category:Troglodytes]] [[Category:Nannus]] [[Category:Videos]]
+
[[Category:Birds]] [[Category:Troglodytes]] [[Category:Nannus]] [[Category:Bird Songs]]

Revision as of 19:55, 14 February 2023

Subspecies T. t. troglodytes
Photo © by gaviao-real
Netherlands, June 2009
Troglodytes troglodytes

Identification

Subspecies T. t. indigenus
Photo © by Steve Round
Wirral, Cheshire, England, July 2004

Length is 9-10 cm (3½-4 in), weight 6-12 g.

  • Mostly brown, in most populations with a reddish tint
  • Barred wing and tail feathers
  • Small tail (often cocked)
  • Pale buff underside (some populations almost as dark as the back)
  • Prominent pale supercilium
  • Bill slightly down curved

Variations

Island populations tends to be larger birds than continental populations. For example in Iceland and the Faroe Islands, wings, legs, and bill are longer than in the UK.

Distribution

In Europe from Iceland to central Scandinavia and south to the Mediterranean.
In Asia, it is widely distributed from north to south in the eastern end, but in central Asia, there is a gap separating those populations from western Asian and European populations.

Taxonomy

Subspecies T. t. cypriotes
Photo © by lior kislev
Rosh Pina wadi, Galil, Israel, February 2009

Was formerly considered conspecific with Winter Wren and Pacific Wren, but the three were split on the basis of vocal and genetic evidence[1][2].

Rice et al (1999) proposed placing these species in a separate genus, Nannus3. Later molecular studies support this classification, because the closest relatives of Eurasian Wren, Winter Wren and Pacific Wren are not other members of the genus Troglodytes, but the Marsh and Sedge Wrens4, though this classification has not been followed by any of the main authorities[5][6].

Subspecies

Subspecies T. t. hirtensis, St Kilda Wren
Heavier barring, greyer (less rufus) plumage and stockier body than mainland species
Photo © by Bert Swan
Seen on 430 metre cliff, Hirta, St Kilda, Outer Hebrides, Scotland
Subspecies T. t. taivanus
Photo © by Mark Bruce
Anmashan, Taichung County, Taiwan, December 2008
A high alpine subspecies found in forest undergrowth between 2000m-3400m

A total of 28-29 subspecies are accepted[5][6]:

Habitat

Can be found in almost any habitat, low down in undergrowth from gardens and woodland to clifftops.

Behaviour

Fledgling, subspecies indigenus
Photo © by max1
Lakenheath Fen, Suffolk, August 2019

Tends to keep low when flying.

Diet

Forages under dense cover for small insects and spiders.

Breeding

The nest is a ball of grass, leaves or other vegetation and may be placed in a bank hole, in thick vegetation or tucked under overhang. The clutch consists of 5-8 white eggs with brownish-red speckles. They are incubated for about 2 weeks and fledge around 16 or 17 days later.

There are usually 2 broods in the season which runs from April to August.

Vocalisation

Call: Hard, dry chit or chiti
Song: Loud (especially given its size) warbling. Can last up to ten seconds.

Song Clip
Recording © by Joseph Morlan
Rosyth, Fife, Scotland, UK, 03 August 2018

Gallery

Click on photo for larger image

  • Displaying
    Photo © by Andy Hall
    Nottingham, UK, April 2018

  • Subspecies T. t. zetlandicus
    Photo © by the late Jim Wood
    Shetland, 2012

  • Subspecies T. t. indigenus
    Photo © by mali
    Norfolk Broads, March 2017

References

  1. Dvoretski, S. V., et al. (2004). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 271: 545–551.
  2. Toews, D. P., & Irwin, D. E. (2008). Molecular Ecology 17 (11): 2691-2705.
  3. Rice, N. H., et al. (1999). Condor 101:446-451.
  4. Thread in Birdforum Taxonomy forum and references therein.
  5. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2019. The eBird/Clements Checklist of Birds of the World: v2019. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
  6. Gill, F and D Donsker (Eds). 2014. IOC World Bird Names (version 4.4). Available at http://www.worldbirdnames.org/.

Recommended Citation

External Links

GSearch checked for 2020 platform.1

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