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Difference between revisions of "Common Myna" - BirdForum Opus

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'''Alternative names: Indian Mynah; House Myna; Locust Starling'''
 
'''Alternative names: Indian Mynah; House Myna; Locust Starling'''
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[[Image:25985common myna 2.jpg|thumb|550px|right|Photo by {{user|bgopal|bgopal}}<br />Coorg, [[India]], July 2005]]
+
[[Image:Common_myna_alok.JPG|thumb|550px|right|Breeding pair, nominate subspecies<br />Nesting in neighborhood garden, the pair came frequently for a drink<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|aloktewari|Alok Tewari}}<br />Delhi, [[India]], 11 June 2015]]
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;[[:Category:Acridotheres|Acridotheres]] tristis
 
;[[:Category:Acridotheres|Acridotheres]] tristis
 
==Identification==
 
==Identification==
−
25cm (9-10 in). A fairly large, stocky Myna.
+
 
 +
23–27 cm (9-10 in). A fairly large, stocky Myna.
 
* Brownish plumage
 
* Brownish plumage
 
* Black hood
 
* Black hood
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* White vent and centre of belly
 
* White vent and centre of belly
 
* Yellow legs and bill
 
* Yellow legs and bill
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[[Image:33708AJD2022 800w.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Photo by {{user|AJDH|AJDH}}<br />Al Khobar, [[Saudi Arabia]], August 2006]]
 
−
 
 
Sexes similar. Juveniles are duller and browner.
 
Sexes similar. Juveniles are duller and browner.
 +
[[Image:33708AJD2022 800w.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Photo &copy; by {{user|AJDH|AJDH}}<br />Al Khobar, [[Saudi Arabia]], 2 August 2006]]
 
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
 
Found from Central Asia ([[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Tajikistan]]) south to [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]], almost the entire [[India]]n Subcontinent and east to [[Burma]], South [[China]] (Yunnan and Hainan), [[Thailand]], [[Indochina]], the [[Malay Peninsula]] and [[Singapore]].<br />
 
Found from Central Asia ([[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Tajikistan]]) south to [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]], almost the entire [[India]]n Subcontinent and east to [[Burma]], South [[China]] (Yunnan and Hainan), [[Thailand]], [[Indochina]], the [[Malay Peninsula]] and [[Singapore]].<br />
 
Has been introduced widely elsewhere, including [[Florida]], [[South Africa]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Brunei]], [[Sumatra]], [[Taiwan]], [[Japan]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Iraq]], [[Jordan]], [[Israel]], [[Russia]] (around Moscow and in Trans-Baikal region), [[St Helena]] and [[Ascension Island]], [[Tenerife]], [[Hawaii]], [[Solomon Islands]], [[Vanuatu]], [[New Caledonia]], [[Fiji]], [[Samoa]] (and many other small Pacific islands), [[Madagascar]], [[Comoros]], [[Seychelles]], [[Maldives]] and [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<br />
 
Has been introduced widely elsewhere, including [[Florida]], [[South Africa]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Brunei]], [[Sumatra]], [[Taiwan]], [[Japan]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Iraq]], [[Jordan]], [[Israel]], [[Russia]] (around Moscow and in Trans-Baikal region), [[St Helena]] and [[Ascension Island]], [[Tenerife]], [[Hawaii]], [[Solomon Islands]], [[Vanuatu]], [[New Caledonia]], [[Fiji]], [[Samoa]] (and many other small Pacific islands), [[Madagascar]], [[Comoros]], [[Seychelles]], [[Maldives]] and [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<br />
 
Common to abundant in its range.
 
Common to abundant in its range.
 +
==Taxonomy==
  
−
==Taxonomy==
 
−
[[Image:Common_myna_alok.JPG|thumb|350px|right|Nesting in neighborhood garden, the pair came frequently for a drink<br />Photo by {{user|aloktewari|Alok Tewari}}<br />Delhi, [[India]], June-2015]]
 
 
====Subspecies====
 
====Subspecies====
 
Two subspecies recognized<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>:
 
Two subspecies recognized<sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>:
 
* ''A. t. melanosternus'' in [[Sri Lanka]]
 
* ''A. t. melanosternus'' in [[Sri Lanka]]
 
* ''A. t. tristis'' in the rest of the range
 
* ''A. t. tristis'' in the rest of the range
 +
[[Image:25985common myna 2.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Nominate subspecies<br />Photo &copy; by {{user|bgopal|Gopal Bhaskaran}}<br />Coorg, [[India]], 5 July 2005]]
 
==Habitat==
 
==Habitat==
 
Typically in open woodland, cultivation and around habitation, also in towns and cities. Avoids forest. Occurs up to 3000m in the [[Himalayas]], up to 1525m in southeast [[Asia]].  
 
Typically in open woodland, cultivation and around habitation, also in towns and cities. Avoids forest. Occurs up to 3000m in the [[Himalayas]], up to 1525m in southeast [[Asia]].  
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[[Dictionary_M-O#O|Omnivorous]]. Feeds on insects, frogs, fish, geckos, other small lizards, eggs and nestlings, mice, carrion, worms, snails, spiders, seeds, fruit and nectar. The generic name ''Acridotheres'' means "grasshopper hunter".<br />
 
[[Dictionary_M-O#O|Omnivorous]]. Feeds on insects, frogs, fish, geckos, other small lizards, eggs and nestlings, mice, carrion, worms, snails, spiders, seeds, fruit and nectar. The generic name ''Acridotheres'' means "grasshopper hunter".<br />
 
Forages singly or in pairs, mostly on the ground.<br />
 
Forages singly or in pairs, mostly on the ground.<br />
−
 
 
====Breeding====
 
====Breeding====
−
[[Image:IMG 0587as.JPG|thumb|350px|right|Juvenile<br />Photo by {{user|Rookery|Rookery}}<br />Havelock North, [[New Zealand]], Deember 2009]]
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[[Image:IMG 0587as.JPG|thumb|350px|right|Juvenile<br />Photo &copy; by the late '''[http://www.birdforum.net/gallery/showgallery.php/ppuser/67980/cat/500 Rookery]'''<br />Havelock North, [[New Zealand]], 29 December 2009]]
 
Breeding season differs through range, breeds all year in India. [[Dictionary_M-O#M|Monogamous]], belived to form pairs for life. Nests solitary. The nest is placed in tree holes, particularly palms but also in other nooks and crannies (including buildings). The normal clutch is 4 - 6 eggs.
 
Breeding season differs through range, breeds all year in India. [[Dictionary_M-O#M|Monogamous]], belived to form pairs for life. Nests solitary. The nest is placed in tree holes, particularly palms but also in other nooks and crannies (including buildings). The normal clutch is 4 - 6 eggs.
  
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===Vocalisation===
 
===Vocalisation===
 
The song includes croaks, squawks, chirps, clicks and whistles and it often fluffs its feathers and bobs its head in singing. The Common Myna screeches warnings to its mate or other birds in cases of predators in proximity.<br />
 
The song includes croaks, squawks, chirps, clicks and whistles and it often fluffs its feathers and bobs its head in singing. The Common Myna screeches warnings to its mate or other birds in cases of predators in proximity.<br />
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<flashmp3>common_myna_Alok.mp3</flashmp3><br />
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{{ Audio|common_myna_Alok.mp3 }}
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''[[Media: common_myna_Alok.mp3|Listen in an external program]]''<br />
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−
Recording by {{user|aloktewari|Alok Tewari}}<br />
+
Dwarahat, Dist. Almora, Uttarakhand [[Himalayas]], Alt. 5200 ft above MSL, [[India]], April-2015.<br />
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Dwarahat, Dist. Almora, Uttarakhand, Alt. 5200 ft above MSL, [[India]], April-2015<br />
+
Calls given by a pair carrying pine-needles to a hole in the wall, to be used as a nesting site.<br />
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Call given by a pair carrying pine-needles to a hole in the wall, to be used as a nesting site.
+
{{ Audio|common_myna_Alok_2.mp3 }}
 +
 
 +
Dwarahat, Dist. Almora, Uttarakhand [[Himalayas]], Alt. 5200 ft above MSL, [[India]], April-2017.<br />
 +
Communicating calls between two individuals after Sunset.<br />
 +
Both Recordings &copy; by {{user|aloktewari|Alok Tewari}}<br />
 +
 
 +
Thrush like song mixed with a variety of calls; calls of Eurasian Collared Dove are also heard in the recording.<br />
 +
{{ Audio|Common_myna_song_VID20221129154529.mp3 }}
 +
 
 +
Residential Block, New Delhi, India, 29 March 2022.<br />
 +
Recording &copy; by {{user|aloktewari|Alok Tewari}}<br />
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
#{{Ref-Clements6thAug16}}#{{Ref-HBWVol14}}
+
#{{Ref-Clements6thAug19}}#{{Ref-HBWVol14}}#Baker, A. J. and A. Moeed. (1987). Rapid genetic differentiation and founder effect in colonizing populations of Common Mynas (''Acridotheres tristis''). Evolution 41:525-538.
 +
#Craig, A., Feare, C. & Garcia, E.F.J. (2020). Common Myna (''Acridotheres tristis''). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from https://www.hbw.com/node/60874 on 25 January 2020).
 +
#Kannan, R. and D. A. James (2001). Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis), version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bna.583
 +
#Pratt, H.D., Bruner, P., and Berrett, D.G. (1987) A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific. Princeton University Press.
 +
#Pyle, R.L., and P. Pyle. 2017. The Birds of the Hawaiian Islands: Occurrence, History, Distribution, and Status. B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI, U.S.A. Version 2 (1 January 2017) http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/birds/rlp-monograph/
 +
#Rasmussen, P.C. & Anderton, J.C. 2012. Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Vols. 1 and 2. Second Edition. Smithsonian Institution. Michigan State University & Lynx Edicions, Washington. D.C., Michigan & Barcelona.
 
{{ref}}
 
{{ref}}
 +
 
==External Links==
 
==External Links==
−
{{GSearch|Acridotheres+tristis}}  
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{{GSearch|"Acridotheres tristis" {{!}} "Common Myna"}}
 +
<br />
 +
{{VSearch|"Acridotheres tristis" {{!}} "Common Myna"}}
 +
{{GS-checked}}1
 
<br />
 
<br />
−
{{Video|Common_Myna}}
 
 
<br />
 
<br />
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{{Video|Indian_Myna Use "Indian Myna" to}}
 
  
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[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Acridotheres]] [[Category:Videos]] [[Category:Bird Songs]]
+
[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Acridotheres]] [[Category:Bird Songs]] [[Category:Videos]]

Latest revision as of 14:16, 28 December 2023

Alternative names: Indian Mynah; House Myna; Locust Starling

Breeding pair, nominate subspecies
Nesting in neighborhood garden, the pair came frequently for a drink
Photo © by Alok Tewari
Delhi, India, 11 June 2015
Acridotheres tristis

Identification

23–27 cm (9-10 in). A fairly large, stocky Myna.

  • Brownish plumage
  • Black hood
  • Bare yellow eye-patch
  • Very short frontal crest
  • Dark brown wing with large white wing patches, obvious in flight
  • White vent and centre of belly
  • Yellow legs and bill

Sexes similar. Juveniles are duller and browner.

Photo © by AJDH
Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia, 2 August 2006

Distribution

Found from Central Asia (Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan) south to Iran, Afghanistan, almost the entire Indian Subcontinent and east to Burma, South China (Yunnan and Hainan), Thailand, Indochina, the Malay Peninsula and Singapore.
Has been introduced widely elsewhere, including Florida, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Brunei, Sumatra, Taiwan, Japan, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Jordan, Israel, Russia (around Moscow and in Trans-Baikal region), St Helena and Ascension Island, Tenerife, Hawaii, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, Samoa (and many other small Pacific islands), Madagascar, Comoros, Seychelles, Maldives and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Common to abundant in its range.

Taxonomy

Subspecies

Two subspecies recognized[1]:

  • A. t. melanosternus in Sri Lanka
  • A. t. tristis in the rest of the range
Nominate subspecies
Photo © by Gopal Bhaskaran
Coorg, India, 5 July 2005

Habitat

Typically in open woodland, cultivation and around habitation, also in towns and cities. Avoids forest. Occurs up to 3000m in the Himalayas, up to 1525m in southeast Asia.

Behaviour

Forms communal roosts in trees, sometimes with thousands of birds. May roost with other species like Javan Myna, Asian Glossy Starling, Purple-backed Starling, Common Starling, Rosy Starling or Crows, Parakeets and Sparrows.

Diet

Omnivorous. Feeds on insects, frogs, fish, geckos, other small lizards, eggs and nestlings, mice, carrion, worms, snails, spiders, seeds, fruit and nectar. The generic name Acridotheres means "grasshopper hunter".
Forages singly or in pairs, mostly on the ground.

Breeding

Juvenile
Photo © by the late Rookery
Havelock North, New Zealand, 29 December 2009

Breeding season differs through range, breeds all year in India. Monogamous, belived to form pairs for life. Nests solitary. The nest is placed in tree holes, particularly palms but also in other nooks and crannies (including buildings). The normal clutch is 4 - 6 eggs.

Movement

A resident species.

Vocalisation

The song includes croaks, squawks, chirps, clicks and whistles and it often fluffs its feathers and bobs its head in singing. The Common Myna screeches warnings to its mate or other birds in cases of predators in proximity.

Dwarahat, Dist. Almora, Uttarakhand Himalayas, Alt. 5200 ft above MSL, India, April-2015.
Calls given by a pair carrying pine-needles to a hole in the wall, to be used as a nesting site.

Dwarahat, Dist. Almora, Uttarakhand Himalayas, Alt. 5200 ft above MSL, India, April-2017.
Communicating calls between two individuals after Sunset.
Both Recordings © by Alok Tewari

Thrush like song mixed with a variety of calls; calls of Eurasian Collared Dove are also heard in the recording.

Residential Block, New Delhi, India, 29 March 2022.
Recording © by Alok Tewari

References

  1. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2019. The eBird/Clements Checklist of Birds of the World: v2019. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
  2. Del Hoyo, J, A Elliott, and D Christie, eds. 2009. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 14: Bush-shrikes to Old World Sparrows. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-8496553507
  3. Baker, A. J. and A. Moeed. (1987). Rapid genetic differentiation and founder effect in colonizing populations of Common Mynas (Acridotheres tristis). Evolution 41:525-538.
  4. Craig, A., Feare, C. & Garcia, E.F.J. (2020). Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from https://www.hbw.com/node/60874 on 25 January 2020).
  5. Kannan, R. and D. A. James (2001). Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis), version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bna.583
  6. Pratt, H.D., Bruner, P., and Berrett, D.G. (1987) A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific. Princeton University Press.
  7. Pyle, R.L., and P. Pyle. 2017. The Birds of the Hawaiian Islands: Occurrence, History, Distribution, and Status. B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI, U.S.A. Version 2 (1 January 2017) http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/birds/rlp-monograph/
  8. Rasmussen, P.C. & Anderton, J.C. 2012. Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Vols. 1 and 2. Second Edition. Smithsonian Institution. Michigan State University & Lynx Edicions, Washington. D.C., Michigan & Barcelona.

Recommended Citation

External Links


GSearch checked for 2020 platform.1

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